Polyrhachis - AntCat

Catalog › Formicidae › Formicinae › Camponotini › Polyrhachis

Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 valid feminine

Polyrhachis Smith, 1857a: 58 Type-species: Formica bihamata (obsolete combination of Polyrhachis bihamata), by original designation.

[Polyrhachis Shuckard, 1840e: 172, nomen nudum.]
Polyrhachis in Formicidae: Smith, 1858a: 58.
Polyrhachis in Formicinae: Mayr, 1862: 652 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1865: 6 [Formicidae].
Polyrhachis in Camponotinae: Forel, 1878c: 367 [Camponotidae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 257.
Polyrhachis in Camponotinae, Polyrhachidini: Ashmead, 1905c: 384.
Polyrhachis in Camponotinae, Camponotini: Forel, 1886h: 194; Forel, 1893b: 165; Emery, 1895l: 772; Wheeler, 1910a: 144; Forel, 1912j: 89; Forel, 1917: 251; Arnold, 1924: 741.
Polyrhachis in Formicinae, Camponotini: Wheeler, 1922: 701; Emery, 1925d: 175; all subsequent authors except the following.
Polyrhachis in Formicinae, Formica genus group: Agosti, 1991: 295.
Polyrhachis as subgenus of Myrma: Wheeler, 1911c: 860; Wheeler, 1911g: 170. [Myrma as subgenus of Polyrhachis: Forel, 1915b: 106; Forel, 1917: 251; Wheeler, 1922: 702, 993; Emery, 1925d: 198; all subsequent authors (see note under Myrma).]
[Polyrachis Arnold, 1924: 741, incorrect subsequent spelling.]

Subgenera

Polyrhachis (Aulacomyrma) Emery, 1921
Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) Wheeler, 1911
Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) Forel, 1915
Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) Forel, 1915
Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma) Wheeler, 1911
Polyrhachis (Hedomyrma) Forel, 1915
Polyrhachis (Hemioptica) Roger, 1862
Polyrhachis (Hirtomyrma) Kohout, 2010
Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) Forel, 1915
Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) Forel, 1915
Polyrhachis (Myrmothrinax) Forel, 1915
Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) Smith, 1857

Genus Polyrhachis references

Smith, 1858a: 58 (diagnosis); Roger, 1863b: 6 (catalogue); Mayr, 1863a: 422, 443 (Hemioptica, Polyrhachis catalogues); Mayr, 1865: 6 (Polyrhachis, Hemioptica diagnoses); Mayr, 1867a: 40, 41 (diagnosis, species groups (as "turmae")); Mayr, 1876: 68 (Australia species key); Forel, 1878c: 368 (diagnosis); Mayr, 1879: 648 (species groups); André, 1887: 286 (Afrotropical species key); Dalla Torre, 1893: 257, 271 (Polyrhachis, Hemioptica catalogues); Forel, 1893e: 17 (India & Sri Lanka species key); Emery, 1896j: 378 (catalogue); Emery, 1897: 579, 582 (Polyrhachis relucens & Polyrhachis guerini groups, keys); Emery, 1898a: 227 (additions to 1896a catalogue); Bingham, 1903: 383 (India, Sri Lanka & Burma species key); Santschi, 1910h: 284 (Polyrhachis rastellata group, key); Viehmeyer, 1914b: 50, 54 (Polyrhachis rastellata & Polyrhachis hostilis groups, keys); Wheeler, 1922: 256, 701, 992 (diagnosis, subgenera key, Afrotropical catalogue); Arnold, 1924: 741 (diagnosis, South Africa species key); Emery, 1925d: 175 (diagnosis, subgenera key, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 178 (Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 180 (Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 181 (Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 182 (Polyrhachis (Myrmothrinax) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 184 (Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 185 (Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 188 (Polyrhachis (Dolichorhachis) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 189 (Polyrhachis (Hedomyrma) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 190 (Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 197 (Polyrhachis (Aulacomyrma) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 198 (Polyrhachis (Myrma) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 206 (Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 207 (Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) diagnosis, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 209 (Hemioptica diagnosis, catalogue); Donisthorpe, 1938c: 246 (Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) review); Santschi, 1939c: 13 (Polyrhachis (Pseudocyrtomyrma) species key); Chapman & Capco, 1951: 186, 255, 256 (Asia Irenea, Hemioptica, Polyrhachis checklists); Hung, 1962: 24 (Taiwan species key); Hung, 1967b: 395 (review of subgenera); Hung, 1970: 5 (Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) species revision, key); Bolton, 1973b: 289 (Afrotropical species revision, key); Bolton, 1975c: 1 (Polyrhachis sexspinosa group, key); Taylor & Brown, 1985: 131 (Australia catalogue); Taylor, 1987a: 59 (Australia, New Caledonia checklist); Kohout, 1987: 169 (Philippines Polyrhachis sexspinosa group, key); Kohout, 1989: 515 (Australia Polyrhachis relucens group, key); Kohout, 1990: 500 (Polyrhachis viehmeyeri group, key); Kohout & Taylor, 1990: 509 (Australia checklist); Morisita et al., 1991: 45 (Japan species key); Wang & Wu, 1991: 596 (China species key); Dorow & Kohout, 1995: 96 (Polyrhachis (Hemioptica) species key); Bolton, 1994: 50 (synoptic classification); Bolton, 1995a: 1052 (census); Bolton, 1995b: 342 (catalogue); Dorow, 1995: 9 (subgenera revision, subgenera key, catalogue); Dorow, 1995: 10-11 (Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) species groups, key; Polyrhachis arachne-, Polyrhachis cryptoceroides- Polyrhachis flavoflagellata-, Polyrhachis furcata- and Polyrhachis hector species groups, keys); Dorow, 1995: 12 (Polyrhachis (Aulacomyrma) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 13 (Polyrhachis (Campomoyrma) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 16 (Polyrhachis (Chariomyrma) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 21 (Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 24 (Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 26 (Polyrhachis (Hedomyrma) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 28 (Polyrhachis (Hemioptica) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 30 (Polyrhachis (Myrma) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 42 (Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 45 (Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 61 (Polyrhachis (Myrmothrinax) synopsis); Dorow, 1995: 63 (Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) synopsis); Wu & Wang, 1995a: 159 (China species key); Zhou & Zheng, 1997 (Guangxi China species); Shattuck, 1999: 107 (Australia synopsis); Zhou, 2001a: 190 (China, Guangxi species key); Xu, 2002b: 523 (China Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) species key; Bolton, 2003: 122 (synopsis); Karmaly, 2004: 542 (India species key); Kohout, 2006c: 146 (Polyrhachis cryptoceroides group, key); Kohout, 2006d: 87 (Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma)); Kohout, 2007c: 189 (subgenus Aulacomyrma diagnosis, all species revision, key); Kohout, 2007b: 8 (Borneo Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) key); Kohout, 2008a: 255 (Sulawesi species, keys); Kohout, 2008b: 298 (Polyrhachis vestita group key); Kohout, 2008d: 12 (Polyrhachis flavoflagellata group key); Kohout, 2009: 40, 44 (modifications to Kohout 2006b key); Terayama, 2009: 218 (Taiwan species key); Heterick, 2009: 106 (south-western Australia species key); Kohout, 2010: 169, 171, 200 (Australia subgenera key, Australia Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) species key, Australia Polyrhachis (Hirtomyrma) species key); Kohout, 2012a: 38, 43, 50 (Australia Polyrhachis (Myrma), Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) and Polyrhachis (Myrmothrinax) keys); Kohout, 2012b (Polyrhachis hexacantha complex species key); Kohout, 2013c (Polyrhachis xiphias species-group diagnosis, species revision, key); Kohout, 2013f (Polyrhachis aculeata species-group diagnosis, review, key); Kohout, 2013e (Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma) revision, species key, species-group definition and diagnosis); Kohout, 2013d (Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) gravis and micans species-group diagnosis, review, species key); Kohout, 2014 (subgenus Polyrhachis diagnosis, review, species key); (Mezger & Moreau, 2016: 1 (phylogeny); Rigato, 2016: 1 (Sub-Saharan Africa keys to species-groups and species); Cantone, 2017: 170 (brief male diagnosis); Blanchard et al., 2020: 5852 (phylogeny, evolution); Wong & Guénard, 2021: 10 (Hong Kong, Macau species key); Ward & Boudinot, 2021: 50 (male identification); Blanchard & Moreau, 2022: 1 (phylogeny, evolution); Jaitrong et al., 2023: 446 (Thailand Polyrhachis flavicornis species group review), 448 (Thailand Polyrhachis flavicornis species group diagnosis, key to workers).

Citations

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Blanchard, B. D.; Moreau, C. S. 2022. Defensive spines are associated with large geographic range but not diversification in spiny ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Polyrhachis). Systematic Entomology -:1-13. [online early] 10.1111/syen.12578 PDF
Blanchard, B.D.; Nakamura, A.; Cao, M.; Chen, S.T; Moreau, C.S. 2020. Spine and dine: a key defensive trait promotes ecological success in spiny ants. Ecology and Evolution 10:5852-5863. 10.1002/ece3.6322 PDF
Bolton, B. 1973b. The ant genus Polyrhachis F. Smith in the Ethiopian region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 28:283-369. PDF
Bolton, B. 1975c. The sexspinosa-group of the ant genus Polyrhachis F. Smith (Hym. Formicidae). Journal of Entomology. Series B 44:1-14. PDF
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Chapman, J. W.; Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monographs of the Institute of Science and Technology. Manila 1:1-327. PDF
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Donisthorpe, H. 1938c. The subgenus Cyrtomyrma Forel of Polyrhachis Smith, and descriptions of new species, etc. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11)1:246-267.
Dorow, W. H. O. 1995. Revision of the ant genus Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) on subgenus level with keys, checklist of species and bibliography. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 185:1-113. PDF
Dorow, W. H. O.; Kohout, R. J. 1995. A review of the subgenus Hemioptica Roger of the genus Polyrhachis Fr. Smith with description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 69:93-104. PDF
Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 8:685-778. PDF
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Emery, C. 1897. Viaggio di Lamberto Loria nella Papuasia orientale. XVIII. Formiche raccolte nella Nuova Guinea dal Dott. Lamberto Loria. Dummy reference. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 38[=(2)18]:546-594.
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Hung, A. C. F. 1970. A revision of ants of the subgenus Polyrhachis Fr. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Oriental Insects 4:1-36. PDF
Jaitrong, W.; Yamane, S.; Noon-Anant, N. 2023. The Thai species of the Polyrhachis (Myrmatopa) flavicornis Smith, 1857 species group, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae). Zootaxa 5249 (4):446-464. 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.4.3 PDF
Karmaly, K. A. 2004. A new species and a key to species of Polyrhachis Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from India. Pp. 539-551 in: Rajmohana, K.; Sudheer, K.; Girish Kumar, P.; Santhosh, S. (eds.) 2004. Perspectives on biosystematics and biodiversity. Prof. T.C. Narendran commemoration volume. Kerala: Systematic Entomology Research Scholars Association, xxii + 666 pp. PDF
Kohout, R. 2007b. A review of the subgenus Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) Wheeler from Borneo with descriptions of new species (Hymenoptera:Formicidae: Formicinae). Asian Myrmecology 1:7-17. PDF
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Kohout, R. J. 1990. A review of the Polyrhachis viehmeyeri species-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 28:499-508.
Kohout, R. J. 2006c. A review of the Polyrhachis cryptoceroides species-group with description of a new species from Thailand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8:145-150. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2006d. Review of Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) of Australia, Borneo, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands with descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 52:87-146. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2007c. Revision of the subgenus Aulacomyrma Emery of the genus Polyrhachis F. Smith, with descriptions of new species. Pp. 186-253 in: Snelling, R. R.; Fisher, B. L.; Ward, P. S. (eds.) 2007. Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E.O. Wilson – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80:690 pp. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2008a. A review of the Polyrhachis ants of Sulawesi with keys and descriptions of new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 52:255-317. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2008b. A new Polyrhachis (Myrma) vestita-group species from Sulawesi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 82:297-302. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2008d. A new species of the Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) flavoflagellata-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) from Borneo. Asian Myrmecology 2:11-16. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2009. A new species and nomenclatural changes in the subgenus Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) Forel. Australian Entomologist 36:37-48. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2010. A review of the Australian Polyrhachis ants of the subgenera Myrmhopla Forel and Hirtomyrma subgen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Nature 55:167-204. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2012a. A review of the Australian Polyrhachis ants of the subgenera Myrma Billberg, Myrmatopa Forel, Myrmothrinax Forel and Polyrhachis Fr. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Nature 56:25-59. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2012b. A new species of the subgenus Campomyrma Wheeler of the genus Polyrhachis Fr. Smith from the Australian Capital Territory (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Australian Entomologist 39:321-329. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2013c. A review of the Polyrhachis xiphias species-group of the subgenus Campomyrma Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Asian Myrmecology 5:21-27. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2013d. A review of the Polyrhachis gravis and micans species-groups of the subgenus Campomyrma Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Nature 56:92-117. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2013e. Revision of Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma) Wheeler, 1911 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Nature 56 (2):487-577. PDF
Kohout, R. J. 2013f. A review of the Polyrhachis aculeata species-group of the subgenus Myrma Billberg (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae), with keys and descriptions of new species. Australian Entomologist 40 (3):137-171. PDF
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Extant: 705 valid species, 82 valid subspecies

Fossil: 1 valid species

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