Billen, J.; Ito, F.; Maile, R.; Morgan, E. D. 1998. The mandibular gland, probably the source of the alarm substance in Leptanilla sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturwissenschaften 85:596-597.

Billen, J.; Stroobants, Z.; Hashim, R.; Ito, F. 2013. Diversity and morphology of abdominal glands in workers of the ant genus Myopias (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Arthropod Structure and Development 42:165-172. PDF

Billen, J.; Thijs, B.; Ito, F.; Gobin, B. 2005. The pretarsal footprint gland of the ant Amblyopone reclinata (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and its role in nestmate recruitment. Arthropod Structure and Development 34:111-115. PDF

Gobin, B.; Ito, F.; Billen, J. P. J. 2008. Degeneration of sperm reservoir and the loss of mating ability in worker ants. Naturwissenschaften 95:1041-1048. PDF

Notes: Published online: 13 August 2008

Grasso, D. A.; Mori, A.; Le Moli, F.; Billen, J. P. J. 2005. Morpho-functional comparison of the Dufour gland in the female castes of the Amazon ant Polyergus rufescens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zoomorphology (Berlin) 124:149-153. PDF

Gobin, B.; Ito, F.; Peeters, C.; Billen, J. P. J. 2006. Queen-worker differences in spermatheca reservoir of phylogenetically basal ants. Cell and Tissue Research 326:169-178. PDF

Notes: Published online: 14 June 2006

Billen, J. P. J. 2000. Femoral and tibial glands in the ant genus Strumigenys (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology 130:111-115.

Billen, J. P. J. 2000. Novel exocrine glands in the hindleg tarsi of the ant Nothomyrmecia macrops. Australian Journal of Zoology 48:661-667.

Gobin, B.; Ito, F.; Billen, J. P. J. 2003. The subepithelial gland in ants: a novel exocrine gland closely associated with the cuticle surface. Acta Zoologica (Copenhagen) 84:285-291. PDF

Tijskens, M.; Ito, F.; Billen, J. P. J. 2002. Novel exocrine glands in the legs of the ponerine ant Amblyopone reclinata (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 52:69-75. PDF

Gotwald, W. H., Jr.; Billen, J. P. J. 1998. In memoriam Jozef K.A. van Boven (1915-1997). Sociobiology 31:143-145.

Buschinger, A.; Billen, J. P. J. 2000. Morphology and ultrastructure of a specialized bacterial pouch in the digestive tract of Tetraponera ants (Formicidae, Pseudomyrmecinae). Arthropod Structure and Development 29:259-266. PDF

Billen, J. P. J. 2002. A novel epithelial intramandibular gland in the ant Pyramica membranifera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology 132:175-176.

Gobin, B.; Billen, J. P. J. 1996. Trail following in army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 46:272-280.

Morgan, E. D.; Billen, J. P. J. 1998. Pheromone communication in social insects: sources and secretions. Pp. 3-33 in: Vander Meer, R. K.; Breed, M. D.; Espelie, K. E.; Winston, M. L. (eds.) 1998. Pheromone communication in social insects. Ants, wasps, bees, and termites. Boulder: Westview Press, x + 368 pp.

Wilson, E. O.; Billen, J. P. J. 2008. Social insect histology from the nineteenth century: the magnificent pioneer sections of Charles Janet. Arthropod Structure and Development 37:163-167. PDF

Gobin, B.; Billen, J. P. J. 1994. Spécificité de la phéromone de piste chez Crematogaster scutellaris et Crematogaster laestrygon. Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux 9:35-39.

Ito, F.; Billen, J. P. J. 1998. Larval hemolymph feeding and oophagy: behavior of queens and workers in the primitive ponerine ant Prionopelta kraepelini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology 128:201-209.

Schoeters, E.; Billen, J. P. J. 1999. Les organes neurohemaux perisympathiques des fourmis et differences entre les castes femelles. Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux 12:139-142. PDF

Schoeters, E.; Billen, J. P. J. 1994. Nouvelles données structurales sur la glande à venin chez Atta sexdens rubropilosa et Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux 9:67-73.

Billen, J. P. J. 2002. XIV International Congress of IUSSI. The Golden Jubilee Proceedings. 27 July - 3 August 2002, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Sapporo: XIV International Congress of IUSSI, 233 pp.

Notes: Billen (ed.)

Billen, J. P. J. 2009. Occurrence and structural organization of the exocrine glands in the legs of ants. Arthropod Structure and Development 38:2-15. PDF

Billen, J. P. J. 2000. A novel exocrine gland in the antennal scape of the army ant Eciton burchelli. Belgian Journal of Zoology 130:159-160.

Billen, J. P. J. 1998. Exocrine glands in the legs of ants. [Abstract.]. P. 64 in: Schwarz, M. P.; Hogendoorn, K. (eds.) 1998. Social insects at the turn of the millennium. Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of IUSSI. Adelaide, Australia. 29 December 1998 - 3 January 1999. Adelaide: XIII Congress of IUSSI, 535 pp.

Petralia, R. S.; Vinson, S. B. 1980. Internal anatomy of the fourth instar larva of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 9:89-106. PDF

Bressac, C.; Rabitsch, W. 1969. Observations sur la structure du système nerveux céphalique (cerveau, masse sous-œsophagienne et complexe rétro-cérébral) de la fourmi Aphænogaster senilis (Mayr, 1853) (Hymenoptera Myrmicinae). Insectes Sociaux 16:135-148.

Masson, C.; Gabouriaut, D. 1973. Ultrastructure de l'organe de Johnston de la Fourmi Camponotus vagus Scop. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 140:39-75.

Délye, G. 1965. Anatomie et fonctionnement des stigmates de quelques Fourmis (Hyménoptères Formicidæ). Insectes Sociaux 12:285-290.

Buchner, P. 1918. Vergleichende Eistudien I. Die aksessorischen Kerne des Hymenoptereneiers. Archiv. fur Mikros. Anat. 91:1-202.

Notes: Oogenesis, karyology

Hackmann, A.; Delacave, H.; Robinson, A.; Labonte, D.; Federle, W. 2015. Functional morphology and efficiency of the antenna cleaner in Camponotus rufifemur ants. Royal Society Open Science 2:150129. 10.1098/rsos.150129 PDF