An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World
by Barry Bolton 1 Jan 2013
Formicidaevalid
Extant: 21 valid subfamilies (21 unavailable), 66 valid tribes (62 synonyms), 308 valid genera (407 synonyms, 17 homonyms, 7 unavailable, 2 excluded from Formicidae), 12,748 valid species (2,223 synonyms, 213 homonyms, 4 unidentifiable, 110 unavailable, 3 excluded from Formicidae, 4,039 original combinations), 2,198 valid subspecies (2,162 synonyms, 104 homonyms, 783 unavailable, 890 original combinations)
Fossil: 4 valid subfamilies, 8 valid tribes (4 synonyms), 138 valid genera (16 synonyms, 5 homonyms, 1 unavailable, 5 excluded from Formicidae, 4 collective group names), 685 valid species (23 synonyms, 5 homonyms, 2 unavailable, 4 excluded from Formicidae, 3 collective group names), 5 valid subspecies
Formicariae Latreille, 1809Latreille, P. A. 1809. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimus explicata. Tomus 4. Parisiis et Argentorati [= Paris and Strasbourg]: A. Koenig, 399 pp. [1809-03-20] PDF
: 124 Type-genus: Formica. AntWiki
: 124 Type-genus: Formica. AntWiki
Formicidae as family: Latreille, 1809Latreille, P. A. 1809. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimus explicata. Tomus 4. Parisiis et Argentorati [= Paris and Strasbourg]: A. Koenig, 399 pp. [1809-03-20] PDF: 124 [Formicariae]; Leach, 1815Leach, W. E. 1815. Entomology. Pp. 57-172 in: Brewster, D. (ed.) 1815. The Edinburgh encyclopedia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, Volume 9. [1815-04]: 147 [Formicarides]; Stephens, 1829bStephens, J. F. 1829b. A systematic catalogue of British insects: being an attempt to arrange all the hitherto discovered indigenous insects in accordance with their natural affinities. London: Baldwin & Cradock, xxxiv + 416 + 388 pp. [1829-07-15]: 356 [first spelling as Formicidae]; Haliday, 1836Haliday, A. H. 1836. Descriptions, etc. of the Hymenoptera. Pp. 316-331 in: Curtis, J.; Haliday, A. H.; Walker, F. 1836. Descriptions, etc. of the insects collected by Captain P. P. King R. N., F. R. S., in the survey of the Straits of Magellan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17:315-359. [1836-06-21]: 331; Westwood, 1839aWestwood, J. O. 1839a. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Volume 2. Part XI. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, pp. 193-224. [1839-03]: 217; Swainson & Shuckard, 1840Swainson, W.; Shuckard, W. E. 1840. On the history and natural arrangement of insects. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longman's, 406 pp. [1840-12] PDF: 171; Nylander, 1846aNylander, W. 1846a. Adnotationes in monographiam formicarum borealium Europae. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 2:875-944. [1846] PDF: 877; Foerster, 1850aFoerster, A. 1850a. Hymenopterologische Studien. 1. Formicariae. Aachen: Ernst Ter Meer, 74 pp. [1850]: 1 [Formicariae]; Mayr, 1855Mayr, G. 1855. Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen, nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Arten. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5:273-478. [1855] PDF: 275 [Formicina]; Smith, 1857aSmith, F. 1857a. Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace. [part]. Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 2:42-88. [1857-11-02] PDF: 52; Smith, 1858aSmith, F. 1858a. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. [1858-03-27] PDF: 1; Mayr, 1861Mayr, G. 1861. Die europäischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 80 pp. [1861] PDF: 21; Mayr, 1865Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Novara Expedition 1865. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. [1865-12-14]: 6; Heer, 1867Heer, O. 1867. Fossile Hymenopteren aus Oeningen und Radoboj. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 22(4):1-42. [1867] PDF: 6 [Formicaria]; Forel, 1870Forel, A. 1870. Notices myrmécologiques. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 3:306-312. [1870-10] PDF: 307 [Formicinae]; Forel, 1874Forel, A. 1874. Les fourmis de la Suisse. Systématique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution géographique, nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 26:1-452. [1874] PDF: 19 [Formicariae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 1; Forel, 1899bForel, A. 1899b. Formicidae. Dummy reference. Biologia Centrali-Americana Hym 3:169.: 1; Ruzsky, 1902dRuzsky, M. 1902d. Material on the ant fauna of the Caucasus and the Crimea. [In Russian.]. Protokoly Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete 206(suppl.):1-33. [1902]: 5 [Formicarii]; Bingham, 1903Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. [1903] PDF: 1; Ruzsky, 1905bRuzsky, M. 1905b. The ants of Russia. (Formicariae Imperii Rossici). Systematics, geography and data on the biology of Russian ants. Part I. [In Russian.]. Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete 38(4-6):1-800. [1905]: 91 [Formicariae or Formicidae]; Ashmead, 1905cAshmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Canadian Entomologist 37:381-384. [1905-11-01] PDF: 384; all subsequent authors.
: 124 [Formicariae]; Leach, 1815Leach, W. E. 1815. Entomology. Pp. 57-172 in: Brewster, D. (ed.) 1815. The Edinburgh encyclopedia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, Volume 9. [1815-04]: 147 [Formicarides]; Stephens, 1829bStephens, J. F. 1829b. A systematic catalogue of British insects: being an attempt to arrange all the hitherto discovered indigenous insects in accordance with their natural affinities. London: Baldwin & Cradock, xxxiv + 416 + 388 pp. [1829-07-15]: 356 [first spelling as Formicidae]; Haliday, 1836Haliday, A. H. 1836. Descriptions, etc. of the Hymenoptera. Pp. 316-331 in: Curtis, J.; Haliday, A. H.; Walker, F. 1836. Descriptions, etc. of the insects collected by Captain P. P. King R. N., F. R. S., in the survey of the Straits of Magellan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17:315-359. [1836-06-21]: 331; Westwood, 1839aWestwood, J. O. 1839a. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Volume 2. Part XI. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, pp. 193-224. [1839-03]: 217; Swainson & Shuckard, 1840Swainson, W.; Shuckard, W. E. 1840. On the history and natural arrangement of insects. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longman's, 406 pp. [1840-12] PDF: 171; Nylander, 1846aNylander, W. 1846a. Adnotationes in monographiam formicarum borealium Europae. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 2:875-944. [1846] PDF: 877; Foerster, 1850aFoerster, A. 1850a. Hymenopterologische Studien. 1. Formicariae. Aachen: Ernst Ter Meer, 74 pp. [1850]: 1 [Formicariae]; Mayr, 1855Mayr, G. 1855. Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen, nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Arten. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5:273-478. [1855] PDF: 275 [Formicina]; Smith, 1857aSmith, F. 1857a. Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace. [part]. Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 2:42-88. [1857-11-02] PDF: 52; Smith, 1858aSmith, F. 1858a. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. [1858-03-27] PDF: 1; Mayr, 1861Mayr, G. 1861. Die europäischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 80 pp. [1861] PDF: 21; Mayr, 1865Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Novara Expedition 1865. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. [1865-12-14]: 6; Heer, 1867Heer, O. 1867. Fossile Hymenopteren aus Oeningen und Radoboj. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 22(4):1-42. [1867] PDF: 6 [Formicaria]; Forel, 1870Forel, A. 1870. Notices myrmécologiques. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 3:306-312. [1870-10] PDF: 307 [Formicinae]; Forel, 1874Forel, A. 1874. Les fourmis de la Suisse. Systématique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution géographique, nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 26:1-452. [1874] PDF: 19 [Formicariae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 1; Forel, 1899bForel, A. 1899b. Formicidae. Dummy reference. Biologia Centrali-Americana Hym 3:169.: 1; Ruzsky, 1902dRuzsky, M. 1902d. Material on the ant fauna of the Caucasus and the Crimea. [In Russian.]. Protokoly Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete 206(suppl.):1-33. [1902]: 5 [Formicarii]; Bingham, 1903Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. [1903] PDF: 1; Ruzsky, 1905bRuzsky, M. 1905b. The ants of Russia. (Formicariae Imperii Rossici). Systematics, geography and data on the biology of Russian ants. Part I. [In Russian.]. Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete 38(4-6):1-800. [1905]: 91 [Formicariae or Formicidae]; Ashmead, 1905cAshmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Canadian Entomologist 37:381-384. [1905-11-01] PDF: 384; all subsequent authors.
Subfamilies (extant) of Formicidae: Aenictinae, Aenictogitoninae, Agroecomyrmecinae, Amblyoponinae, Aneuretinae, Cerapachyinae, Dolichoderinae, Dorylinae, Ecitoninae, Ectatomminae, Formicinae, Heteroponerinae, Leptanillinae, Leptanilloidinae, Martialinae, Myrmeciinae, Myrmicinae, Paraponerinae, Ponerinae, Proceratiinae, Pseudomyrmecinae.
Genera (extinct) of Formicidae: †Calyptites, †Cretopone, †Eoformica, †Fonsecahymen, †Gerontoformica, †Klondikia, †Kohlsimyrma, †Myanmyrma, †Petropone, †Syntaphus.
FAMILY FORMICIDAE REFERENCES, WORLD
WORLD CATALOGUES
Roger, 1863bRoger, J. 1863b. Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 7(Beilage):1-65. [1863-06] PDF: 1 (Formicidae); Mayr, 1863aMayr, G. 1863a. Formicidarum index synonymicus. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 13:385-460. [1863] PDF: 394 (Formicidae); Dalla Torre, 1893: 1 (Formicidae); Emery, 1910bEmery, C. 1910b. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae. Genera Insectorum 102:1-34. [1910-06-25] PDF: 3 (Dorylinae); Emery, 1911eEmery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118:1-125. [1911-09-09] PDF: 2 (Ponerinae); Emery, 1913aEmery, C. 1913a ("1912"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae. Genera Insectorum 137:1-50. [1913-03-08] PDF: 2 (Dolichoderinae); Emery, 1921cEmery, C. 1921c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174A:1-94 + 7 plates. [1921-06-01]: 3, Emery, 1922cEmery, C. 1922c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174B:95-206. [1922-09-02] PDF: 95 and Emery, 1924fEmery, C. 1924f ("1922"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C:207-397. [1924-06-24] PDF: 207 (Myrmicinae); Emery, 1925dEmery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183:1-302. [1925-12-31] PDF: 2 (Formicinae); Shattuck, 1994Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 112:i-xix, 1-241. [1994-01] PDF: 1 (Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae); Bolton, 1995bBolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp. [1995-10]: 7 (Formicidae)
: 1 (Formicidae); Mayr, 1863aMayr, G. 1863a. Formicidarum index synonymicus. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 13:385-460. [1863] PDF: 394 (Formicidae); Dalla Torre, 1893: 1 (Formicidae); Emery, 1910bEmery, C. 1910b. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae. Genera Insectorum 102:1-34. [1910-06-25] PDF: 3 (Dorylinae); Emery, 1911eEmery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118:1-125. [1911-09-09] PDF: 2 (Ponerinae); Emery, 1913aEmery, C. 1913a ("1912"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae. Genera Insectorum 137:1-50. [1913-03-08] PDF: 2 (Dolichoderinae); Emery, 1921cEmery, C. 1921c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174A:1-94 + 7 plates. [1921-06-01]: 3, Emery, 1922cEmery, C. 1922c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174B:95-206. [1922-09-02] PDF: 95 and Emery, 1924fEmery, C. 1924f ("1922"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C:207-397. [1924-06-24] PDF: 207 (Myrmicinae); Emery, 1925dEmery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183:1-302. [1925-12-31] PDF: 2 (Formicinae); Shattuck, 1994Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 112:i-xix, 1-241. [1994-01] PDF: 1 (Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae); Bolton, 1995bBolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp. [1995-10]: 7 (Formicidae)WORLD SYNOPTIC CLASSIFICATIONS
Forel, 1893bForel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 37:161-167. [1893-04-01>] PDF: 161 (Formicidae); Emery, 1895lEmery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 8:685-778. [1895-10-18] PDF: 764 (Formicidae); Emery, 1896eEmery, C. 1896e. Clef analytique des genres de la famille des Formicides, pour la détermination des neutres. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 40:172-189. [1896-05-02>] PDF: 173 (Formicidae); Ashmead, 1905cAshmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Canadian Entomologist 37:381-384. [1905-11-01] PDF: 381 (Formicidae); Wheeler, 1910aWheeler, W. M. 1910a. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. [1910-03] PDF: 134 (Formicidae); Emery, 1910bEmery, C. 1910b. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae. Genera Insectorum 102:1-34. [1910-06-25] PDF: 3 (Dorylinae); Emery, 1911eEmery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118:1-125. [1911-09-09] PDF: 2 (Ponerinae); Emery, 1913aEmery, C. 1913a ("1912"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae. Genera Insectorum 137:1-50. [1913-03-08] PDF: 2 (Dolichoderinae); Forel, 1917Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 51:229-253. [1917-03-08] PDF: 235 (Formicidae); Emery, 1921cEmery, C. 1921c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174A:1-94 + 7 plates. [1921-06-01]: 3 and Emery, 1922cEmery, C. 1922c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174B:95-206. [1922-09-02] PDF: 95 (Myrmicinae); Wheeler, 1922Wheeler, W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. New York: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1139.: 631 (Formicidae); Emery, 1924fEmery, C. 1924f ("1922"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C:207-397. [1924-06-24] PDF: 207 (Myrmicinae); Emery, 1925dEmery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183:1-302. [1925-12-31] PDF: 2 (Formicinae); Brown, 1973b: 165, 178 (Formicidae); Snelling, 1981Snelling, R. R. 1981. Systematics of social Hymenoptera. Pp. 369-453 in: Hermann, H. R. (ed.) 1981. Social insects. Volume 2. New York: Academic Press, xiii + 491 pp. [1981] [1981]: 387 (Formicidae); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1985bWheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1985b. A simplified conspectus of the Formicidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 111:255-264. [1985-07-30] PDF: 256 (Formicidae); Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988Dlussky, G. M.; Fedoseeva, E. B. 1988. Origin and early stages of evolution in ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 70-144 in: Ponomarenko, A. G. (ed.) 1988. Cretaceous biocenotic crisis and insect evolution. [In Russian.]. Moskva: Nauka, 232 pp. [1987-12-22>]: 77 (Formicidae); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 9 (Formicidae); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 12 (Formicidae); Bolton, 2003Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. [2003-11-10] PDF: 4 (Formicidae); Engel & Grimaldi, 2005Engel, M. S.; Grimaldi, D. A. 2005. Primitive new ants in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). American Museum Novitates 3485:1-23. [2005-07-25] PDF: 4 (Formicidae); Ward, 2007CWard, P. S. 2007C. Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1668:549-563. [2007-12-21] PDF: 549 (Formicidae)
: 161 (Formicidae); Emery, 1895lEmery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 8:685-778. [1895-10-18] PDF: 764 (Formicidae); Emery, 1896eEmery, C. 1896e. Clef analytique des genres de la famille des Formicides, pour la détermination des neutres. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 40:172-189. [1896-05-02>] PDF: 173 (Formicidae); Ashmead, 1905cAshmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Canadian Entomologist 37:381-384. [1905-11-01] PDF: 381 (Formicidae); Wheeler, 1910aWheeler, W. M. 1910a. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. [1910-03] PDF: 134 (Formicidae); Emery, 1910bEmery, C. 1910b. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae. Genera Insectorum 102:1-34. [1910-06-25] PDF: 3 (Dorylinae); Emery, 1911eEmery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118:1-125. [1911-09-09] PDF: 2 (Ponerinae); Emery, 1913aEmery, C. 1913a ("1912"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae. Genera Insectorum 137:1-50. [1913-03-08] PDF: 2 (Dolichoderinae); Forel, 1917Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 51:229-253. [1917-03-08] PDF: 235 (Formicidae); Emery, 1921cEmery, C. 1921c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174A:1-94 + 7 plates. [1921-06-01]: 3 and Emery, 1922cEmery, C. 1922c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174B:95-206. [1922-09-02] PDF: 95 (Myrmicinae); Wheeler, 1922Wheeler, W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. New York: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1139.: 631 (Formicidae); Emery, 1924fEmery, C. 1924f ("1922"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C:207-397. [1924-06-24] PDF: 207 (Myrmicinae); Emery, 1925dEmery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183:1-302. [1925-12-31] PDF: 2 (Formicinae); Brown, 1973b: 165, 178 (Formicidae); Snelling, 1981Snelling, R. R. 1981. Systematics of social Hymenoptera. Pp. 369-453 in: Hermann, H. R. (ed.) 1981. Social insects. Volume 2. New York: Academic Press, xiii + 491 pp. [1981] [1981]: 387 (Formicidae); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1985bWheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1985b. A simplified conspectus of the Formicidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 111:255-264. [1985-07-30] PDF: 256 (Formicidae); Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988Dlussky, G. M.; Fedoseeva, E. B. 1988. Origin and early stages of evolution in ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 70-144 in: Ponomarenko, A. G. (ed.) 1988. Cretaceous biocenotic crisis and insect evolution. [In Russian.]. Moskva: Nauka, 232 pp. [1987-12-22>]: 77 (Formicidae); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 9 (Formicidae); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 12 (Formicidae); Bolton, 2003Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. [2003-11-10] PDF: 4 (Formicidae); Engel & Grimaldi, 2005Engel, M. S.; Grimaldi, D. A. 2005. Primitive new ants in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). American Museum Novitates 3485:1-23. [2005-07-25] PDF: 4 (Formicidae); Ward, 2007CWard, P. S. 2007C. Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1668:549-563. [2007-12-21] PDF: 549 (Formicidae)WORLD IDENTIFICATION KEYS
Emery, 1896eEmery, C. 1896e. Clef analytique des genres de la famille des Formicides, pour la détermination des neutres. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 40:172-189. [1896-05-02>] PDF: 173 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Emery, 1910bEmery, C. 1910b. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae. Genera Insectorum 102:1-34. [1910-06-25] PDF: 4 (Dorylinae tribes and genera); Emery, 1911eEmery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118:1-125. [1911-09-09] PDF: 4 (Ponerinae tribes and genera); Emery, 1913aEmery, C. 1913a ("1912"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae. Genera Insectorum 137:1-50. [1913-03-08] PDF: 6 (Dolichoderinae tribes and genera); Escherich, 1917Escherich, K. 1917. Die Ameise, Schilderung ihrer Lebensweise. Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, xvi + 348 pp. [1917]: 2 (Formicidae subfamilies); Emery, 1921cEmery, C. 1921c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174A:1-94 + 7 plates. [1921-06-01]: 9, 12, 16 (Myrmicinae tribes and genera); Wheeler, 1922Wheeler, W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. New York: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1139.: 631 (Formicidae subfamilies, tribes and genera); Emery, 1925dEmery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183:1-302. [1925-12-31] PDF: 7 (Formicinae tribes and genera); Clark, 1951Clark, J. 1951. The Formicidae of Australia. Vol. 1. Subfamily Myrmeciinae. Melbourne: CSIRO, 230 pp. [1951] PDF: 14 (Formicidae subfamilies); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1972aWheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1972a. The subfamilies of Formicidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 74:35-45. [1972-03-28] PDF: 42 (Formicidae subfamilies); Snelling, 1981Snelling, R. R. 1981. Systematics of social Hymenoptera. Pp. 369-453 in: Hermann, H. R. (ed.) 1981. Social insects. Volume 2. New York: Academic Press, xiii + 491 pp. [1981] [1981]: 386 (Formicidae subfamilies); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 33 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Bolton, 1990cBolton, B. 1990c. Army ants reassessed: the phylogeny and classification of the doryline section (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 24:1339-1364. [1990-10-19] PDF: 1361 (Formicidae subfamilies); Shattuck, 1992cShattuck, S. O. 1992c. Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 21:1-181. [1992] PDF: 20 (Dolichoderinae genera); Ward, 1990Ward, P. S. 1990. The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): generic revision and relationship to other formicids. Systematic Entomology 15:449-489. [1990-11] PDF: 464 (Pseudomyrmecinae genera); Brothers & Finnamore, 1993Brothers, D. J.; Finnamore, A. T. 1993. Superfamily Vespoidea. Pp. 161-278 in: Goulet, H.; Huber, J. T. (eds.) 1993. Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Publication 1894/E. Ottawa: Canada Communications Group, vii + 668 pp. [1993]: 218 (Formicidae subfamilies); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 7 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Bolton, 2003Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. [2003-11-10] PDF: 11 (revision of subfamilies)
: 173 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Emery, 1910bEmery, C. 1910b. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae. Genera Insectorum 102:1-34. [1910-06-25] PDF: 4 (Dorylinae tribes and genera); Emery, 1911eEmery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118:1-125. [1911-09-09] PDF: 4 (Ponerinae tribes and genera); Emery, 1913aEmery, C. 1913a ("1912"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae. Genera Insectorum 137:1-50. [1913-03-08] PDF: 6 (Dolichoderinae tribes and genera); Escherich, 1917Escherich, K. 1917. Die Ameise, Schilderung ihrer Lebensweise. Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, xvi + 348 pp. [1917]: 2 (Formicidae subfamilies); Emery, 1921cEmery, C. 1921c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174A:1-94 + 7 plates. [1921-06-01]: 9, 12, 16 (Myrmicinae tribes and genera); Wheeler, 1922Wheeler, W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. New York: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1139.: 631 (Formicidae subfamilies, tribes and genera); Emery, 1925dEmery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183:1-302. [1925-12-31] PDF: 7 (Formicinae tribes and genera); Clark, 1951Clark, J. 1951. The Formicidae of Australia. Vol. 1. Subfamily Myrmeciinae. Melbourne: CSIRO, 230 pp. [1951] PDF: 14 (Formicidae subfamilies); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1972aWheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1972a. The subfamilies of Formicidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 74:35-45. [1972-03-28] PDF: 42 (Formicidae subfamilies); Snelling, 1981Snelling, R. R. 1981. Systematics of social Hymenoptera. Pp. 369-453 in: Hermann, H. R. (ed.) 1981. Social insects. Volume 2. New York: Academic Press, xiii + 491 pp. [1981] [1981]: 386 (Formicidae subfamilies); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 33 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Bolton, 1990cBolton, B. 1990c. Army ants reassessed: the phylogeny and classification of the doryline section (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 24:1339-1364. [1990-10-19] PDF: 1361 (Formicidae subfamilies); Shattuck, 1992cShattuck, S. O. 1992c. Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 21:1-181. [1992] PDF: 20 (Dolichoderinae genera); Ward, 1990Ward, P. S. 1990. The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): generic revision and relationship to other formicids. Systematic Entomology 15:449-489. [1990-11] PDF: 464 (Pseudomyrmecinae genera); Brothers & Finnamore, 1993Brothers, D. J.; Finnamore, A. T. 1993. Superfamily Vespoidea. Pp. 161-278 in: Goulet, H.; Huber, J. T. (eds.) 1993. Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Publication 1894/E. Ottawa: Canada Communications Group, vii + 668 pp. [1993]: 218 (Formicidae subfamilies); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 7 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Bolton, 2003Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. [2003-11-10] PDF: 11 (revision of subfamilies)MORPHOLOGY OF FORMICIDAE
Forel, 1878cForel, A. 1878c. Études myrmécologiques en 1878 (première partie) avec l'anatomie du gésier des fourmis. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 15:337-392. [1878-10] PDF: 339 (proventriculus); Janet, 1902: 25 (general anatomy); Pietschker, 1910: 1 (brain structure); Wheeler, 1910aWheeler, W. M. 1910a. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. [1910-03] PDF: 13 (general morphology, anatomy); Emery, 1913dEmery, C. 1913d. La nervulation de l'aile antérieure des Formicides. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 21:577-587. [1913-09] PDF: 577 (venation); Wheeler, 1918cWheeler, W. M. 1918c. A study of some ant larvae, with a consideration of the origin and meaning of the social habit among insects. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 57:293-343. [1918-08-08] PDF: 293 (larvae); Janet, 1923: 5 (anatomical drawings synopsis); Bugnion, 1930Bugnion, E. 1930. Les pièces buccales, le sac infrabuccal et le pharynx des fourmis. Bulletin. Société Entomologique d'Egypte 14:85-210. [1930]: 85 (mouthparts); Brown & Nutting, 1950: 113 (venation); Gregg, 1953cGregg, R. E. 1953c. Morphological considerations affecting the taxonomy of certain genera of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 55:324-330. [1953-12-29] PDF: 328 (promesonotal suture motility); Eisner, 1957Eisner, T. 1957. A comparative morphological study of the proventriculus of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 116:439-490. [1957-07] PDF: 439 (proventriculus); Gotwald, 1969: 1 (mouthparts and gaster); Crozier, 1970aCrozier, R. H. 1970a. Karyotypes of twenty-one ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with reviews of the known ant karyotypes. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 12:109-128. [1970-03] PDF: 109 (karyology); Markl, 1973Markl, H. 1973. The evolution of stridulatory communication in ants. Pp. 258-265 in: International Union for the Study of Social Insects. Congress 1973. Proceedings IUSSI VIIth International Congress, London, 10-15 September, 1973. Southampton: University of Southampton, vi + 418 pp. [1973]: 258 (stridulitrum); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1976bWheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1976b. Ant larvae: review and synthesis. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 7:1-108. [1976] PDF: 45 (larvae); Hölldobler & Engel, 1979: 285 and Hölldobler & Engel-Siegel, 1982Hölldobler, B.; Engel-Siegel, H. 1982. Tergal and sternal glands in male ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 89:113-132. [1982-12-17]: 113 (tergal and sternal glands); Imai, Baroni Urbani, Kubota, et al. 1984: 5 (karyology); Imai, Brown, Kubota, et al. 1984: 66 (karyology); Imai, Kubota, Brown, et al. 1985: 46 (karyology); Hölldobler & Engel-Siegel, 1985Hölldobler, B.; Engel-Siegel, H. 1985 ("1984"). On the metapleural gland of ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 91:201-224. [1985-04-22] PDF: 201 (metapleural gland); Billen, 1986bBillen, J. P. J. 1986b. Comparative morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour gland in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologia Generalis 11:165-181. [1986-05-30]: 165 (Dufour's gland); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986eWheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1986e. Ten-year supplement to "Ant larvae: review and synthesis". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 88:684-702. [1986-10-14] PDF: 684 (larvae); Brown, 1988h: 17 (malpighian tubule numbers); Caetano, 1988Caetano, F. H. 1988. Anatomia, histologia e histoquímica do sistema digestivo e excretor de operárias de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturalia (São Paulo) 13:129-174. [1988]: 129 (digestive tract anatomy); Francoeur & Loiselle, 1988aFrancoeur, A.; Loiselle, R. 1988a. Évolution du strigile chez les Formicides (Hyménoptères). Naturaliste Canadien (Québec) 115:333-353. [1988-12] PDF: 333 (strigil, evolution); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 5, 229 (anatomy, exocrine glands); Hashimoto, 1991aHashimoto, Y. 1991a. Phylogenetic study of the family Formicidae based on the sensillum structures on the antennae and labial palpi (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:125-140. [1991-03-25] PDF: 125 (antennal and labial sensilla); Hashimoto, 1991bHashimoto, Y. 1991b. Phylogenetic implications of the spur structures of the hind tibia in the Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:289-294. [1991-06-25] PDF: 289 (tibial spurs); Billen, 1993Billen, J. P. J. 1993. Morphology of the exocrine system in ants. Materialy Kollokviumov Sektsii Obshchestvennykh Nasekomykh Vsesoyuznogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva 2:1-15.: 4 (exocrine glands); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 191 (morphology glossary); Hölldobler, Obermayer & Peeters, 1996: 157 (metatibial gland); Wenseleers, Schoeters, et al. 1998: 121 (cloacal gland); Perrault, 1999APerrault, G. H. 1999A ("1998"). Heteroponera georgesi n. sp. de Guyane française (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 103:475-477. [1999-01-22] PDF: 125 (thoracic anatomy); Perrault, 2005Perrault, G. H. 2005 ("2004"). Étude morphoanatomique et biométrique du métasoma antérieur des ouvrières. Contribution à la systématique et à la phylogénie des fourmis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (n.s.)40:291-371. [2005-08-10]: 291 (anterior metasomal anatomy); Serna & MacKay, 2010Serna, F.; MacKay, W. 2010. A descriptive morphology of the ant genus Procryptocerus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Science 10: Article 111 (available online: insectscience.org/10.111). PDF: 1 (Procryptocerus morphology); Keller, 2011Keller, R. A. 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromorph subfamilies. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 355:1-90. [2011-08-10] PDF: 1 (phylogenetic analysis of morphology)
: 339 (proventriculus); Janet, 1902: 25 (general anatomy); Pietschker, 1910: 1 (brain structure); Wheeler, 1910aWheeler, W. M. 1910a. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. [1910-03] PDF: 13 (general morphology, anatomy); Emery, 1913dEmery, C. 1913d. La nervulation de l'aile antérieure des Formicides. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 21:577-587. [1913-09] PDF: 577 (venation); Wheeler, 1918cWheeler, W. M. 1918c. A study of some ant larvae, with a consideration of the origin and meaning of the social habit among insects. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 57:293-343. [1918-08-08] PDF: 293 (larvae); Janet, 1923: 5 (anatomical drawings synopsis); Bugnion, 1930Bugnion, E. 1930. Les pièces buccales, le sac infrabuccal et le pharynx des fourmis. Bulletin. Société Entomologique d'Egypte 14:85-210. [1930]: 85 (mouthparts); Brown & Nutting, 1950: 113 (venation); Gregg, 1953cGregg, R. E. 1953c. Morphological considerations affecting the taxonomy of certain genera of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 55:324-330. [1953-12-29] PDF: 328 (promesonotal suture motility); Eisner, 1957Eisner, T. 1957. A comparative morphological study of the proventriculus of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 116:439-490. [1957-07] PDF: 439 (proventriculus); Gotwald, 1969: 1 (mouthparts and gaster); Crozier, 1970aCrozier, R. H. 1970a. Karyotypes of twenty-one ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with reviews of the known ant karyotypes. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 12:109-128. [1970-03] PDF: 109 (karyology); Markl, 1973Markl, H. 1973. The evolution of stridulatory communication in ants. Pp. 258-265 in: International Union for the Study of Social Insects. Congress 1973. Proceedings IUSSI VIIth International Congress, London, 10-15 September, 1973. Southampton: University of Southampton, vi + 418 pp. [1973]: 258 (stridulitrum); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1976bWheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1976b. Ant larvae: review and synthesis. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 7:1-108. [1976] PDF: 45 (larvae); Hölldobler & Engel, 1979: 285 and Hölldobler & Engel-Siegel, 1982Hölldobler, B.; Engel-Siegel, H. 1982. Tergal and sternal glands in male ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 89:113-132. [1982-12-17]: 113 (tergal and sternal glands); Imai, Baroni Urbani, Kubota, et al. 1984: 5 (karyology); Imai, Brown, Kubota, et al. 1984: 66 (karyology); Imai, Kubota, Brown, et al. 1985: 46 (karyology); Hölldobler & Engel-Siegel, 1985Hölldobler, B.; Engel-Siegel, H. 1985 ("1984"). On the metapleural gland of ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 91:201-224. [1985-04-22] PDF: 201 (metapleural gland); Billen, 1986bBillen, J. P. J. 1986b. Comparative morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour gland in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologia Generalis 11:165-181. 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Phylogenetic study of the family Formicidae based on the sensillum structures on the antennae and labial palpi (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:125-140. [1991-03-25] PDF: 125 (antennal and labial sensilla); Hashimoto, 1991bHashimoto, Y. 1991b. Phylogenetic implications of the spur structures of the hind tibia in the Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:289-294. [1991-06-25] PDF: 289 (tibial spurs); Billen, 1993Billen, J. P. J. 1993. Morphology of the exocrine system in ants. Materialy Kollokviumov Sektsii Obshchestvennykh Nasekomykh Vsesoyuznogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva 2:1-15.: 4 (exocrine glands); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 191 (morphology glossary); Hölldobler, Obermayer & Peeters, 1996: 157 (metatibial gland); Wenseleers, Schoeters, et al. 1998: 121 (cloacal gland); Perrault, 1999APerrault, G. H. 1999A ("1998"). Heteroponera georgesi n. sp. de Guyane française (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 103:475-477. [1999-01-22] PDF: 125 (thoracic anatomy); Perrault, 2005Perrault, G. H. 2005 ("2004"). Étude morphoanatomique et biométrique du métasoma antérieur des ouvrières. Contribution à la systématique et à la phylogénie des fourmis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (n.s.)40:291-371. [2005-08-10]: 291 (anterior metasomal anatomy); Serna & MacKay, 2010Serna, F.; MacKay, W. 2010. A descriptive morphology of the ant genus Procryptocerus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Science 10: Article 111 (available online: insectscience.org/10.111). PDF: 1 (Procryptocerus morphology); Keller, 2011Keller, R. A. 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromorph subfamilies. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 355:1-90. [2011-08-10] PDF: 1 (phylogenetic analysis of morphology)EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF FORMICIDAE
Wheeler, 1920Wheeler, W. M. 1920. The subfamilies of Formicidae, and other taxonomic notes. Psyche (Cambridge) 27:46-55. [1920-06] PDF: 52; Emery, 1920eEmery, C. 1920e. La distribuzione geografica attuale delle formiche. Tentativo di spiegarne la genesi col soccorso di ipotesi filogenetiche e paleogeografiche. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Memorie. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali (5)13:357-450. [1920]: 370; Donisthorpe, 1922bDonisthorpe, H. 1922b ("1921"). The subfamilies of Formicidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921:xl-xlvi. [1922-04-13] PDF: xlvi; Wheeler, 1923gWheeler, W. M. 1923g. Social life among the insects. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., vii + 375 pp. [1923]: 156; Wheeler, 1928hWheeler, W. M. 1928h. The social insects: their origin and evolution. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., xviii + 378 pp. [1928]: 124; Stitz, 1935Stitz, H. 1935. Formicidae. Dummy reference. Tabulae Biologicae Periodicae 5:208-280.: 211; Morley, 1938Morley, B. D. W. 1938. An outline of the phylogeny of the Formicidae. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 43:190-194. [1938-10-05] PDF: 190; Brown & Nutting, 1950: 113; Bernard, 1951cBernard, F. 1951c. Hyménoptères, super-famille des Formicoidea Ashmead 1905. Pp. 997-1104 in: Grassé, P. P. (ed.) 1951. Traité de Zoologie. Tome X. Fasc. II. Paris: Masson et Cie, pp. 976-1948. [1951]: 1041; Brown, 1954e: 30; Wilson, Carpenter & Brown, 1967: 12; Taylor, 1978aTaylor, R. W. 1978a. Nothomyrmecia macrops: a living-fossil ant rediscovered. Science (Washington, D. C.) 201:979-985. [1978-09-15] PDF: 982; Rasnitsyn, 1980Rasnitsyn, A. P. 1980. Origin and evolution of Hymenoptera. [In Russian.]. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta. Akademiya Nauk SSSR 174:1-192. [1980-01-24>]: 45-46 (foldout page); Lutz, 1986Lutz, H. 1986. Eine neue Unterfamilie der Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) aus dem mittel-eozänen Olschiefer der "Grube Messel" bei Darmstadt (Deutschland, S-Hessen). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 67:177-218. [1986-10-31] PDF: 213; Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988Dlussky, G. M.; Fedoseeva, E. B. 1988. Origin and early stages of evolution in ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 70-144 in: Ponomarenko, A. G. (ed.) 1988. Cretaceous biocenotic crisis and insect evolution. [In Russian.]. Moskva: Nauka, 232 pp. [1987-12-22>]: 137; Baroni Urbani, 1989Baroni Urbani, C. 1989. Phylogeny and behavioural evolution in ants, with a discussion of the role of behaviour in evolutionary processes. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 1:137-168. [1989-10] PDF: 137; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 26; Hashimoto, 1991aHashimoto, Y. 1991a. Phylogenetic study of the family Formicidae based on the sensillum structures on the antennae and labial palpi (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:125-140. [1991-03-25] PDF: 125; Hashimoto, 1991bHashimoto, Y. 1991b. Phylogenetic implications of the spur structures of the hind tibia in the Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:289-294. [1991-06-25] PDF: 289; Baroni Urbani, Bolton & Ward, 1992Baroni Urbani, C.; Bolton, B.; Ward, P. S. 1992. The internal phylogeny of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 17:301-329. [1992-10] PDF: 301; Shattuck, 1992bShattuck, S. O. 1992b. Higher classification of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae, Dolichoderinae and Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 17:199-206. [1992-04] PDF: 203; Brothers & Carpenter, 1993Brothers, D. J.; Carpenter, J. M. 1993. Phylogeny of Aculeata: Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea (Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2:227-304. [1993-09-30] PDF: 227; Ward, 1994Ward, P. S. 1994. Adetomyrma, an enigmatic new ant genus from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and its implications for ant phylogeny. Systematic Entomology 19:159-175. [1994-08-01] PDF: 173; Hashimoto, 1996Hashimoto, Y. 1996. Skeletomuscular modifications associated with the formation of an additional petiole on the anterior abdominal segments in aculeate Hymenoptera. Japanese Journal of Entomology 64:340-356. [1996-06-25] PDF: 340; Crozier, Jermiin & Chiotis, 1997Crozier, R. H.; Jermiin, L. S.; Chiotis, M. 1997. Molecular evidence for a Jurassic origin of ants. Naturwissenschaften 84:22-23. [1997-01] PDF: 22; Grimaldi, Agosti & Carpenter, 1997Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D.; Carpenter, J. M. 1997. New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3208:1-43. [1977-10-23] PDF: 25; Perrault, 1999APerrault, G. H. 1999A ("1998"). Heteroponera georgesi n. sp. de Guyane française (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 103:475-477. [1999-01-22] PDF: 125; Brothers, 1999Brothers, D. J. 1999. Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea). Zoologica Scripta 28:233-249.: 233; Grimaldi & Agosti, 2000BGrimaldi, D.; Agosti, D. 2000B. A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:13678-13683. [2000-12-05]: 13680; Ohnishi, Imai, et al. 2003: 419; Astruc, Julien, et al. 2004: 880; Grimaldi & Engel, 2005Grimaldi, D.; Engel, M. S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xv + 755 pp. PDF: 440; Wilson & Hölldobler, 2005A+C1428Wilson, E. O.; Hölldobler, B. 2005A+C1428. The rise of the ants: a phylogenetic and ecological explanation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:7411-7414. [2005-05-24] PDF: 7411; Brady, Schultz, et al. 2006: 18172; Moreau, Bell, et al. 2006: 101; Ouellette, Fisher, et al. 2006: 359; Rabeling, Brown & Verhaagh, 2008Rabeling, C.; Brown, J. M.; Verhaagh, M. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:14913-14917. [2008-09-30] PDF: 14914
: 52; Emery, 1920eEmery, C. 1920e. La distribuzione geografica attuale delle formiche. Tentativo di spiegarne la genesi col soccorso di ipotesi filogenetiche e paleogeografiche. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Memorie. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali (5)13:357-450. [1920]: 370; Donisthorpe, 1922bDonisthorpe, H. 1922b ("1921"). The subfamilies of Formicidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921:xl-xlvi. [1922-04-13] PDF: xlvi; Wheeler, 1923gWheeler, W. M. 1923g. Social life among the insects. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., vii + 375 pp. [1923]: 156; Wheeler, 1928hWheeler, W. M. 1928h. The social insects: their origin and evolution. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., xviii + 378 pp. [1928]: 124; Stitz, 1935Stitz, H. 1935. Formicidae. Dummy reference. Tabulae Biologicae Periodicae 5:208-280.: 211; Morley, 1938Morley, B. D. W. 1938. An outline of the phylogeny of the Formicidae. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 43:190-194. [1938-10-05] PDF: 190; Brown & Nutting, 1950: 113; Bernard, 1951cBernard, F. 1951c. Hyménoptères, super-famille des Formicoidea Ashmead 1905. Pp. 997-1104 in: Grassé, P. P. (ed.) 1951. Traité de Zoologie. Tome X. Fasc. II. Paris: Masson et Cie, pp. 976-1948. [1951]: 1041; Brown, 1954e: 30; Wilson, Carpenter & Brown, 1967: 12; Taylor, 1978aTaylor, R. W. 1978a. Nothomyrmecia macrops: a living-fossil ant rediscovered. Science (Washington, D. C.) 201:979-985. [1978-09-15] PDF: 982; Rasnitsyn, 1980Rasnitsyn, A. P. 1980. Origin and evolution of Hymenoptera. [In Russian.]. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta. Akademiya Nauk SSSR 174:1-192. [1980-01-24>]: 45-46 (foldout page); Lutz, 1986Lutz, H. 1986. Eine neue Unterfamilie der Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) aus dem mittel-eozänen Olschiefer der "Grube Messel" bei Darmstadt (Deutschland, S-Hessen). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 67:177-218. [1986-10-31] PDF: 213; Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988Dlussky, G. M.; Fedoseeva, E. B. 1988. Origin and early stages of evolution in ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 70-144 in: Ponomarenko, A. G. (ed.) 1988. Cretaceous biocenotic crisis and insect evolution. [In Russian.]. Moskva: Nauka, 232 pp. [1987-12-22>]: 137; Baroni Urbani, 1989Baroni Urbani, C. 1989. Phylogeny and behavioural evolution in ants, with a discussion of the role of behaviour in evolutionary processes. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 1:137-168. [1989-10] PDF: 137; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 26; Hashimoto, 1991aHashimoto, Y. 1991a. Phylogenetic study of the family Formicidae based on the sensillum structures on the antennae and labial palpi (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:125-140. [1991-03-25] PDF: 125; Hashimoto, 1991bHashimoto, Y. 1991b. Phylogenetic implications of the spur structures of the hind tibia in the Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:289-294. [1991-06-25] PDF: 289; Baroni Urbani, Bolton & Ward, 1992Baroni Urbani, C.; Bolton, B.; Ward, P. S. 1992. The internal phylogeny of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 17:301-329. [1992-10] PDF: 301; Shattuck, 1992bShattuck, S. O. 1992b. Higher classification of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae, Dolichoderinae and Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 17:199-206. [1992-04] PDF: 203; Brothers & Carpenter, 1993Brothers, D. J.; Carpenter, J. M. 1993. Phylogeny of Aculeata: Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea (Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2:227-304. [1993-09-30] PDF: 227; Ward, 1994Ward, P. S. 1994. Adetomyrma, an enigmatic new ant genus from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and its implications for ant phylogeny. Systematic Entomology 19:159-175. [1994-08-01] PDF: 173; Hashimoto, 1996Hashimoto, Y. 1996. Skeletomuscular modifications associated with the formation of an additional petiole on the anterior abdominal segments in aculeate Hymenoptera. Japanese Journal of Entomology 64:340-356. [1996-06-25] PDF: 340; Crozier, Jermiin & Chiotis, 1997Crozier, R. H.; Jermiin, L. S.; Chiotis, M. 1997. Molecular evidence for a Jurassic origin of ants. Naturwissenschaften 84:22-23. [1997-01] PDF: 22; Grimaldi, Agosti & Carpenter, 1997Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D.; Carpenter, J. M. 1997. New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3208:1-43. [1977-10-23] PDF: 25; Perrault, 1999APerrault, G. H. 1999A ("1998"). Heteroponera georgesi n. sp. de Guyane française (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 103:475-477. [1999-01-22] PDF: 125; Brothers, 1999Brothers, D. J. 1999. Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea). Zoologica Scripta 28:233-249.: 233; Grimaldi & Agosti, 2000BGrimaldi, D.; Agosti, D. 2000B. A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:13678-13683. [2000-12-05]: 13680; Ohnishi, Imai, et al. 2003: 419; Astruc, Julien, et al. 2004: 880; Grimaldi & Engel, 2005Grimaldi, D.; Engel, M. S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xv + 755 pp. PDF: 440; Wilson & Hölldobler, 2005A+C1428Wilson, E. O.; Hölldobler, B. 2005A+C1428. The rise of the ants: a phylogenetic and ecological explanation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:7411-7414. [2005-05-24] PDF: 7411; Brady, Schultz, et al. 2006: 18172; Moreau, Bell, et al. 2006: 101; Ouellette, Fisher, et al. 2006: 359; Rabeling, Brown & Verhaagh, 2008Rabeling, C.; Brown, J. M.; Verhaagh, M. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:14913-14917. [2008-09-30] PDF: 14914PALAEONTOLOGY OF FORMICIDAE
Scudder, 1891Scudder, S. H. 1891. Index to the known fossil insects of the world, including myriapods and arachnids. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 71:1-744. [1891] PDF: 682 (fossil taxa catalogue); Handlirsch, 1907Handlirsch, A. 1907. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Ein Handbuch für Paläontologen und Zoologen. Lieferung 6. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 801-960. [1907-06]: 859 (fossil taxa catalogue); Wheeler, 1915iWheeler, W. M. 1915i ("1914"). The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg 55:1-142. [1915] PDF: 1 (Baltic amber fauna synopsis); Burnham, 1979Burnham, L. 1979 ("1978"). Survey of social insects in the fossil record. Psyche (Cambridge) 85:85-133. [1979-01-26] PDF: 108 (fossils in amber checklist); Keilbach, 1982Keilbach, R. 1982. Bibliographie und Liste der Arten tierischer Einschlüsse in fossilen Harzen sowie ihrer Aufbewahrungsorte. Teil 1. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (N.F.)29:129-286. [1982-03-15]: 272 (fossils in amber checklist); Spahr, 1987Spahr, U. 1987. Ergänzungen und Berichtigungen zu R. Keilbach's Bibliographie und Liste der Bernsteinfossilien - Ordnung Hymenoptera. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 127:1-121. [1987-03-16]: 41 (fossils in amber checklist); Carpenter, 1992Carpenter, F. M. 1992. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part R. Arthropoda 4. Volume 4. Superclass Hexapoda. Boulder: Geological Society of America, pp. i-ii, 279-655. [1992-12-09]: 490 (fossil genera review); Bolton, 1995bBolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp. [1995-10]: 4 (fossil taxa checklist, in catalogue); Grimaldi, Agosti & Carpenter, 1997Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D.; Carpenter, J. M. 1997. New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3208:1-43. [1977-10-23] PDF: 1 (Cretaceous genera in amber review); Dlussky, 1997ADlussky, G. M. 1997A. Genera of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Baltic amber. [In Russian.]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1997(6):50-62. PDF: 617 (Baltic amber genera key); Bolton, 2003Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. [2003-11-10] PDF: 73 (fossil subfamilies synopsis); Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2007Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2007. Paleontological record and stages of ant evolution. [In Russian.]. Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 127:118-134. [2007] PDF: 118 (Palaeontological record); Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2009Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2009. Ants (Insecta: Vespida: Formicidae) in the Upper Eocene amber of central and eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal 43:1024-1042. [2009-12] PDF: 1024 (European Upper Eocene amber, synopsis of species)
: 682 (fossil taxa catalogue); Handlirsch, 1907Handlirsch, A. 1907. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Ein Handbuch für Paläontologen und Zoologen. Lieferung 6. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 801-960. [1907-06]: 859 (fossil taxa catalogue); Wheeler, 1915iWheeler, W. M. 1915i ("1914"). The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg 55:1-142. [1915] PDF: 1 (Baltic amber fauna synopsis); Burnham, 1979Burnham, L. 1979 ("1978"). Survey of social insects in the fossil record. Psyche (Cambridge) 85:85-133. [1979-01-26] PDF: 108 (fossils in amber checklist); Keilbach, 1982Keilbach, R. 1982. Bibliographie und Liste der Arten tierischer Einschlüsse in fossilen Harzen sowie ihrer Aufbewahrungsorte. Teil 1. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (N.F.)29:129-286. [1982-03-15]: 272 (fossils in amber checklist); Spahr, 1987Spahr, U. 1987. Ergänzungen und Berichtigungen zu R. Keilbach's Bibliographie und Liste der Bernsteinfossilien - Ordnung Hymenoptera. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 127:1-121. [1987-03-16]: 41 (fossils in amber checklist); Carpenter, 1992Carpenter, F. M. 1992. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part R. Arthropoda 4. Volume 4. Superclass Hexapoda. Boulder: Geological Society of America, pp. i-ii, 279-655. [1992-12-09]: 490 (fossil genera review); Bolton, 1995bBolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp. [1995-10]: 4 (fossil taxa checklist, in catalogue); Grimaldi, Agosti & Carpenter, 1997Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D.; Carpenter, J. M. 1997. New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3208:1-43. [1977-10-23] PDF: 1 (Cretaceous genera in amber review); Dlussky, 1997ADlussky, G. M. 1997A. Genera of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Baltic amber. [In Russian.]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1997(6):50-62. PDF: 617 (Baltic amber genera key); Bolton, 2003Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. [2003-11-10] PDF: 73 (fossil subfamilies synopsis); Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2007Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2007. Paleontological record and stages of ant evolution. [In Russian.]. Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 127:118-134. [2007] PDF: 118 (Palaeontological record); Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2009Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2009. Ants (Insecta: Vespida: Formicidae) in the Upper Eocene amber of central and eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal 43:1024-1042. [2009-12] PDF: 1024 (European Upper Eocene amber, synopsis of species)OTHER GENERAL REFERENCES
Bolton, 1995aBolton, B. 1995a. A taxonomic and zoogeographical census of the extant ant taxa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 29:1037-1056. [1995-08] PDF: 1038 (census of extant taxa); Ward, Bolton, Shattuck & Brown, 1996: 55 (bibliography of systematics); Brown, 2000: 46 (overview of genera); Brandão, 2000Brandão, C. R. F. 2000. Major regional and type collections of ants (Formicidae) of the world and sources for the identification of ant species. Pp. 172-185 in: Agosti, D.; Majer, J. D.; Alonso, L. E.; Schultz, T. R. (eds.) 2000. Ants. Standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, xix + 280 pp. [2000-11] [2000-11]: 172 (list of major ant collections); Bolton, 2003Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. [2003-11-10] PDF: 15, 77 (diagnosis, synopsis); Bolton, 2007ABolton, B. 2007A. How to conduct large-scale taxonomic revisions in Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80:52-71. [2007-09]: 51 (method for taxonomic revisions); Taylor, 2007Taylor, R. W. 2007. Bloody funny wasps! Speculations on the evolution of eusociality in ants. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80:580-609. [2007-09]: 580 (eusociality in ants)
: 1038 (census of extant taxa); Ward, Bolton, Shattuck & Brown, 1996: 55 (bibliography of systematics); Brown, 2000: 46 (overview of genera); Brandão, 2000Brandão, C. R. F. 2000. Major regional and type collections of ants (Formicidae) of the world and sources for the identification of ant species. Pp. 172-185 in: Agosti, D.; Majer, J. D.; Alonso, L. E.; Schultz, T. R. (eds.) 2000. Ants. Standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, xix + 280 pp. [2000-11] [2000-11]: 172 (list of major ant collections); Bolton, 2003Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. [2003-11-10] PDF: 15, 77 (diagnosis, synopsis); Bolton, 2007ABolton, B. 2007A. How to conduct large-scale taxonomic revisions in Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80:52-71. [2007-09]: 51 (method for taxonomic revisions); Taylor, 2007Taylor, R. W. 2007. Bloody funny wasps! Speculations on the evolution of eusociality in ants. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80:580-609. [2007-09]: 580 (eusociality in ants)Regional catalogues and checklists
NEARCTIC: Smith, 1951cSmith, M. R. 1951c. Family Formicidae. Pp. 778-875 in: Muesebeck, C. F.; Krombein, K. V.; Townes, H. K. (eds.) 1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Monograph 2:1-1420. [1951-07-11]: 778; Smith, 1958cSmith, M. R. 1958c. Family Formicidae. Pp. 108-162 in: Krombein, K. V. (ed.) 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalogue. First supplement. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Monograph 2(suppl. 1):1-305. [1958-10-08]: 108 (first supplement to previous); Smith, 1967aSmith, M. R. 1967a. Family Formicidae. Pp. 343-374 in: Krombein, K. V.; Burks, B. D. (eds.) 1967. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalog. Second supplement. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Monograph 2(suppl. 2):1-584. [1967-02]: 343 (second supplement); Smith, 1979Smith, D. R. 1979. Superfamily Formicoidea. Pp. 1323-1467 in: Krombein, K. V.; Hurd, P. D.; Smith, D. R.; Burks, B. D. (eds.) 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Volume 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. i-xvi, 1199-2209. [1979]: 1323
: 778; Smith, 1958cSmith, M. R. 1958c. Family Formicidae. Pp. 108-162 in: Krombein, K. V. (ed.) 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalogue. First supplement. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Monograph 2(suppl. 1):1-305. [1958-10-08]: 108 (first supplement to previous); Smith, 1967aSmith, M. R. 1967a. Family Formicidae. Pp. 343-374 in: Krombein, K. V.; Burks, B. D. (eds.) 1967. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalog. Second supplement. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Monograph 2(suppl. 2):1-584. [1967-02]: 343 (second supplement); Smith, 1979Smith, D. R. 1979. Superfamily Formicoidea. Pp. 1323-1467 in: Krombein, K. V.; Hurd, P. D.; Smith, D. R.; Burks, B. D. (eds.) 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Volume 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. i-xvi, 1199-2209. [1979]: 1323NEOTROPICAL: Kempf, 1972bKempf, W. W. 1972b. Catálogo abreviado das formigas da regia~o Neotropical. Studia Entomologica 15:3-344. [1972-08-25] PDF: 3; Brandão, 1991Brandão, C. R. F. 1991. Adendos ao catálogo abreviado das formigas da região Neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 35:319-412. [1991-08-31] PDF: 319 (supplement to previous)
: 3; Brandão, 1991Brandão, C. R. F. 1991. Adendos ao catálogo abreviado das formigas da região Neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 35:319-412. [1991-08-31] PDF: 319 (supplement to previous)AFROTROPICAL AND MALAGASY: Wheeler, 1922Wheeler, W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. New York: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1139.: 727, 1005
: 727, 1005ORIENTAL AND MALESIAN: Chapman & Capco, 1951Chapman, J. W.; Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monographs of the Institute of Science and Technology. Manila 1:1-327. [1951] PDF: 9
: 9AUSTRAL: Taylor & Brown, 1985Taylor, R. W.; Brown, D. R. 1985. Formicoidea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia 2:1-149, 306-348. [1985]: 5; Taylor, 1987aTaylor, R. W. 1987a. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41:1-92. [1987-06] PDF: 1; Taylor, 1987bTaylor, R. W. 1987b. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). First supplement, 10 July, 1987. CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41(Suppl.1):1-5. [1987-07]: 1 (supplement to previous)
: 5; Taylor, 1987aTaylor, R. W. 1987a. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41:1-92. [1987-06] PDF: 1; Taylor, 1987bTaylor, R. W. 1987b. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). First supplement, 10 July, 1987. CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41(Suppl.1):1-5. [1987-07]: 1 (supplement to previous)Regional and national faunas with keys
PALAEARCTIC
Mayr, 1855Mayr, G. 1855. Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen, nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Arten. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5:273-478. [1855] PDF: 299 (Austria); Mayr, 1861Mayr, G. 1861. Die europäischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 80 pp. [1861] PDF: 25 (Europe); André, 1874André, Ern. 1874. Description des fourmis d'Europe pour servir à l'étude des insectes myrmécophiles. Dummy reference. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée 3:152-235.: 167 (Europe); Forel, 1874Forel, A. 1874. Les fourmis de la Suisse. Systématique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution géographique, nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 26:1-452. [1874] PDF: 19 (Switzerland); Saunders, 1880Saunders, E. 1880. Synopsis of the British Heterogyna and fossorial Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1880:201-304. [1880-12-31] PDF: 202 (Britain); André, 1882a: 125 (Europe & Algeria); Nasonov, 1889Nasonov, N. V. 1889. Contribution to the natural history of the ants primarily of Russia. 1. Contribution to the ant fauna of Russia. [In Russian.]. Izvestiya Imperatorskago Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya Antropologii i Etnografii pri Imperatorskom Moskovskom Universitete 58:1-78. [1889]: 50 (Russia); Lameere, 1892Lameere, A. 1892. Note sur les fourmis de la Belgique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 36:61-69. [1892-02-06>]: 62 (Belgium); Saunders, 1896Saunders, E. 1896. The Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British islands. A descriptive account of the families, genera, and species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, with notes as to habits, localities, habitats, etc. London: L. Reeve & Co., 391 pp. [1896] PDF: 18 (Britain); Ruzsky, 1905bRuzsky, M. 1905b. The ants of Russia. (Formicariae Imperii Rossici). Systematics, geography and data on the biology of Russian ants. Part I. [In Russian.]. Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete 38(4-6):1-800. [1905]: 99 (Russian Empire); Wasmann, 1906Wasmann, E. 1906. Zur Kenntniss der Ameisen und Ameisengäste von Luxemburg. Archives. Institut Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg (n.s.)1(1/2):104-124. [1906-06] PDF: 7 (Luxemburg); Emery, 1908a (Palaearctic); Bondroit, 1910Bondroit, J. 1910 ("1909"). Les fourmis de Belgique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 53:479-500. [1910-01-05] PDF: 480 (Belgium); Stitz, 1914Stitz, H. 1914. Die Ameisen (Formicidae) Mitteleuropas, insbesondere Deutschlands. Pp. 1-111 in: Schröder, C. (ed.) 1914. Die Insekten Mitteleuropas insbesondere Deutschlands. Band II, Hymenopteren, 2. Teil. Stuttgart: Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, 256 pp. [1914] PDF: 54 (Central Europe); Donisthorpe, 1915fDonisthorpe, H. 1915f. British ants, their life-history and classification. Plymouth: Brendon & Son Ltd., xv + 379 pp. [1915]: 65 (Britain); Forel, 1915dForel, A. 1915d. Fauna insectorum helvetiae. Hymenoptera. Formicidae. Die Ameisen der Schweiz. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 12(Beilage):1-77. [1915]: 1 (Switzerland); Emery, 1916aEmery, C. 1916a ("1915"). Fauna entomologica italiana. I. Hymenoptera.-Formicidae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 47:79-275. [1916-11-30] PDF: 92 (Italy); Bondroit, 1918Bondroit, J. 1918. Les fourmis de France et de Belgique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 87:1-174. [1918-12-24] PDF: 12 (France & Belgium); Kutter, 1920b: 132 (Switzerland); Soudek, 1922bSoudek, S. 1922b. Mravenci. Soustava, zemepisné rozsírení, oekologie a urcovací klíc mravencu zijících na území Ceskoslovenské republiky. Praha: Ceskoslovenská Spolecnost Entomologická, 100 pp. [1922] PDF: 17 (Czechoslovakia); Lomnicki, 1925aLomnicki, J. 1925a ("1924"). Przeglad polskich gatunków rodzaju mrówki (Formica Linné). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 3:151-182. [1925-03-15<] PDF: 160 (Poland); Stärcke, 1926: 79 (Netherlands); Karavaiev, 1927dKaravaiev, V. 1927d. The ant fauna of Ukraine. [In Ukrainian.]. Zbirnyk Prats' Zoolohichnoho Muzeyu 2:1-52 [= Trudy. Ukrains'ka Akademiya Nauk. Fizichno-Matematichnoho Viddilu 4:247-296]. [1927]: 254 (Ukraine); Donisthorpe, 1927cDonisthorpe, H. 1927c. British ants, their life history and classification (2nd edn.). London: G. Routledge and Sons, xvi + 436 pp. [1927]: 66 (Britain); Arnol'di, 1933aArnol'di, K. V. 1933a. Formicidae - ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 594-605 in: Filip'ev, I. N.; Ogloblin, D. A. (eds.) 1933. Keys to insects. [In Russian.]. Moskva: Ogiz, viii + 820 pp. [1933-12-03>]: 596 (Russia); Menozzi, 1933bMenozzi, C. 1933b. Le formiche della Palestina. Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 12:49-113. [1933-06-15] PDF: 87 (Israel); Karavaiev, 1934Karavaiev, V. 1934. The fauna of the family Formicidae (ants) of the Ukraine. [In Ukrainian.]. Trudy Instytutu Zoolohii ta Biolohii Vseukrains'koi Akademii Nauk. Seriya 1. Pratsi z Systematyky ta Faunistyky 1934:1-164. [1934-09-27>]: 48 (Ukraine); Stitz, 1939Stitz, H. 1939. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meersteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. 37. Theil. Hautflüger oder Hymenoptera. I: Ameisen oder Formicidae. Jena: G. Fischer, 428 pp. [1939]: 56 (Germany); Kratochvíl, 1941bKratochvíl, J. 1941b. [Untitled. New subgenera of Tetramorium, and a new subspecies, Tetramorium ferox silhavyi, attributed to Kratochvíl.]. P. 84 in: Novák, V.; Sadil, J. 1941. Klíc k urcování mravencu strední Evropy se zvlástním zretelem k mravencí zvírene Cech a Moravy. Entomologické Listy 4:65-115. [1941]: 69 (Central Europe); Novák & Sadil, 1941Novák, V.; Sadil, J. 1941. Klíc k urcování mravencu strední Evropy se zvlástním zretelem k mravencí zvírene Cech a Moravy. Entomologické Listy 4:65-115. PDF: 69 (Central Europe); Ceballos, 1943Ceballos, G. 1943. Las tribus de los himenópteros de España. [part]. Madrid: Instituto Español de Entomología, pp. 289-420. [1943-12-30]: 313 (Spain); Holgersen, 1943cHolgersen, H. 1943c. Bestemmelsestabell over norske maur (Hym., Formicidae). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 6:164-182. [1943-09-01] PDF: 166 and Holgersen, 1944aHolgersen, H. 1944a. The ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 84:165-203. [1944-09-08] PDF: 198 (Norway); Boven, 1947: 168 (Belgium); Collingwood, 1958bCollingwood, C. A. 1958b. A key to the species of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) found in Britain. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 13:69-96. [1958-04-30] PDF: 69 (Britain); Somfai, 1959Somfai, E. 1959. Hangya alkatúak Formicoidea. Magyarország Allatvilága 43:1-79. [1959-02-11]: 1 (Hungary); Boven, 1959: 1 (Netherlands); Collingwood, 1964bCollingwood, C. A. 1964b. The identification and distribution of British ants. 1. A revised key to the species found in Britain. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 16:93-114,121. [1964-12] PDF: 93 (Britain); Bernard, 1967aBernard, F. 1967a ("1968"). Faune de l'Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen. 3. Les fourmis (Hymenoptera Formicidae) d'Europe occidentale et septentrionale. Paris: Masson, 411 pp. [1967-11] PDF: 75 (Western Europe); Boven, 1970b: 7 (Netherlands); Tarbinsky, 1976Tarbinsky, Y. S. 1976. The ants of Kirghizia. [In Russian.]. Frunze: Ilim, 217 pp. [1976-06-04>] PDF: 14 (Kyrghyzstan); Bolton & Collingwood, 1975Bolton, B.; Collingwood, C. A. 1975. Handbooks for the identification of British Insects. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 6(3(c)):1-34. [1975-06]: 1 (Britain); Boven, 1977: 1 (Belgium); Kutter, 1977cKutter, H. 1977c. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Insecta Helvetica. Fauna 6:1-298. [1977]: 19 (Switzerland); Brian, 1977Brian, M. V. 1977. Ants. London: Collins, 223 pp.: 33 (Britain); Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978Arnol'di, K. V.; Dlussky, G. M. 1978. Superfam. Formicoidea. 1. Fam. Formicidae - ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 519-556 in: Medvedev, G. S. (ed.) 1978. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Hymenoptera. Part 1. [In Russian.]. Opredeliteli Faune SSSR 119:3-584. [1978-11-02>]: 520 (former European U.S.S.R.); Collingwood, 1978Collingwood, C. A. 1978. A provisional list of Iberian Formicidae with a key to the worker caste (Hym. Aculeata). EOS. Revista Española de Entomología 52:65-95. [1978-05-10] PDF: 65 (Iberian Peninsula); Collingwood, 1979Collingwood, C. A. 1979. The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 8:1-174. [1979] PDF: 28 (Fennoscandia & Denmark); Schembri & Collingwood, 1981Schembri, S. P.; Collingwood, C. A. 1981. A revision of the myrmecofauna of the Maltese Islands (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria" 83:417-442. [1981-09-01] PDF: 417 (Malta); Verhaeghe, Deligne, et al., 1984: 105 (Belgium genera); Gösswald, 1985Gösswald, K. 1985. Organisation und Leben der Ameisen. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 355 pp. [1985]: 262 (Germany); Collingwood, 1985Collingwood, C. A. 1985. Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7:230-302. [1985] PDF: 230 (Saudi Arabia); Nilsson & Douwes, 1987Nilsson, O.; Douwes, P. 1987. Norrländska myror med bestämningstabell till arbetarna. Natur i Norr 6:49-90.: 56 (Norway); Agosti & Collingwood, 1987bAgosti, D.; Collingwood, C. A. 1987b. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym. Formicidae) with a key to the worker caste. II. Key to the worker caste, including the European species without the Iberian. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 60:261-293. [1987-12-15] PDF: 261 (Balkans); Casevitz-Weulersse, 1990bCasevitz-Weulersse, J. 1990b. Étude systématique de la myrmécofaune corse (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (Première partie). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section A. Zoologie, Biologie et Écologie Animales (4)12:135-163. [1990-08-02]: 135 and Casevitz-Weulersse, 1990cCasevitz-Weulersse, J. 1990c. Étude systématique de la myrmécofaune corse (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (Deuxième partie). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section A. Zoologie, Biologie et Écologie Animales (4)12:415-442. [1990-11-24] PDF: 415 (Corsica); Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990Dlussky, G. M.; Soyunov, O. S.; Zabelin, S. I. 1990. Ants of Turkmenistan. [In Russian.]. Ashkabad: Ylym Press, 273 pp. PDF: 99 (Turkmenistan); Kupyanskaya, 1990aKupyanskaya, A. N. 1990a. Ants of the Far Eastern USSR. [In Russian.]. Vladivostok: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 258 pp. [1990-09-13>]: 83 (Far Eastern Russia); Bolton, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 34 (Palaearctic genera key); Atanasov & Dlussky, 1992: 47 (Bulgaria); Arakelian, 1994Arakelian, G. R. 1994. Fauna of the Republic of Armenia. Hymenopterous insects. Ants (Formicidae). [In Russian.]. Erevan: Gitutium, 153 pp. [1994-06-20>] PDF: 1 (Armenia); Radchenko, 1994bRadchenko, A. G. 1994b. Identification table for the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of southern Siberia. [In Russian.]. Pp. 95-118 in: Kotenko, A. G. (ed.) 1994. Hymenopterous insects of Siberia and the Far East. [In Russian.]. Trudy Zapovednika "Daurskii" 3:1-147. [1994-06-10>]: 95 (South Siberia); Seifert, 1994aSeifert, B. 1994a ("1993"). Die freilebenden Ameisenarten Deutschlands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) und Angaben zu deren Taxonomie und Verbreitung. 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[2002-03]: 53 (Turkey genera); Yoshimura & Onoyama, 2002BYoshimura, M.; Onoyama, K. 2002B. Male-based keys to the subfamilies and genera of Japanese ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science 5:421-443. [2002-12-25]: 424 (Japan genera, males key); Imai, Kihara, Kondoh, et al. 2003: 8 (Japan); Radchenko, 2005b: 183 (North Korea); Seifert, 2007Seifert, B. 2007. Die Ameisen Mittel- und Nordeuropas. Tauer: lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, 368 pp. [2007-04]: 107 (North and Central Europe); Boer, 2010Boer, P. 2010. Mieren van de Benelux. ′s-Graveland, Netherlands: Stichting Jeugdbondsuitgeverij, 183 pp.: 8 (Benelux); Lapeva-Gjonova, et al. 2010: 1 (Bulgaria species catalogue); Csősz, Markó & Gallé, 2011Csősz, S.; Markó, B.; Gallé, L. 2011. The myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Hungary: an updated checklist. North-Western Journal of Zoology 7:55-62. [2011-06] PDF: pagination? (Hungary species catalogue); Czechowski, Radchenko, et al. 2012: 333 (Poland)NEARCTIC
Provancher, 1883Provancher, L. 1883. Petite faune entomologique du Canada et particulièrement de la province de Québec. Vol. II. Comprenant les Orthoptères, les Névroptères et les Hyménoptères. Québec: C. Darveau, vii + v + 879 pp. [with some irregularities in pagination]. [1883]: 596 (Canada); Provancher, 1887Provancher, L. 1887. Fam. X. - Les Formicides. Dummy reference. Pp. 224-249 in: Provancher, L. 1887. 1885-1889. Additions et corrections au Volume II de la Faune entomologique du Canada, traitant des Hyménoptères. Québec: C. Darveau, 477 pp.: 225 (Canada); Cresson, 1887Cresson, E. T. 1887. Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described species, and bibliography. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Suppl. Vol. 1887:1-351. [1887]: 93 (U.S.A.); Wheeler, 1910aWheeler, W. M. 1910a. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. [1910-03] PDF: 557 (North America genera); Wheeler, 1916rWheeler, W. M. 1916r. Formicoidea. Formicidae. Pp. 577-601 in: Viereck, H. L. 1916. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part III. The Hymenoptera, or wasp-like insects, of Connecticut. Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey. Bulletin 22:1-824. [1916]: 579 (U.S.A., Connecticut); Cole, 1942: 359 (U.S.A., Utah); Smith, 1943eSmith, M. R. 1943e. A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the male ants of the United States. American Midland Naturalist 30:273-321. [1943-10-22] PDF: 276 (U.S.A. subfamilies & genera, males); Buren, 1944aBuren, W. F. 1944a. A list of Iowa ants. Iowa State College Journal of Science 18:277-312. [1944-04] PDF: 278 (U.S.A., Iowa); Smith, 1947fSmith, M. R. 1947f. A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the United States ants, based on the workers. American Midland Naturalist 37:521-647. [1947-07-27] PDF: 524 (U.S.A. genera); Creighton, 1950aCreighton, W. S. 1950a. The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 104:1-585. [1950-04] PDF: 29 (North America); Gregg, 1963Gregg, R. E. 1963. The ants of Colorado, with reference to their ecology, taxonomy, and geographic distribution. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, xvi + 792 pp. [1963]: 278 (U.S.A., Colorado); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1963Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1963. The ants of North Dakota. Grand Forks, North Dakota: University of North Dakota Press, viii + 326 pp. [1963]: 149 (U.S.A., North Dakota); Francoeur, 1979aFrancoeur, A. 1979a. Les fourmis du Québec. 1. Introduction. 2. La famille des Formicidae. 3. La sous-famille des Ponerinae. Annales de la Société Entomologique du Québec 24:12-47. [1979-01] PDF: 48 (Canada, Québec, introduction); Allred, 1982Allred, D. M. 1982. Ants of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 42:415-511. [1982-12-31]: 437 (U.S.A., Utah); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986gWheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1986g. The ants of Nevada. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, vii + 138 pp. [1986] PDF: 16 (U.S.A., Nevada); Mackay, Lowrie, et al., 1988: 81 (U.S.A., New Mexico); Cover, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 62 (Nearctic genera key); Mackay & MacKay, 2002Mackay, W.; MacKay, E. 2002. The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 400 pp. [2002-12] PDF: 16 (U.S.A., New Mexico); Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2003 ("2002"). Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Formation Green River and some other Middle Eocene deposits of North America. Russian Entomological Journal 11:411-436. [2003-06] PDF: 430 (*Eocene North American genera); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 25, 38, 48, 95, 160 (Dolichoderinae, Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Coovert, 2005: 1 (U.S.A., Ohio); Ward, 2005Ward, P. S. 2005. A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 936:1-68. [2005-04-12] PDF: 20 (U.S.A., California genera); Fisher & Cover, 2007Fisher, B. L.; Cover, S. P. 2007. Ants of North America. A guide to genera. Berkeley: University of California Press, xiv + 194 pp. [2007-09]: 1 (North American genera key)
: 596 (Canada); Provancher, 1887Provancher, L. 1887. Fam. X. - Les Formicides. Dummy reference. Pp. 224-249 in: Provancher, L. 1887. 1885-1889. Additions et corrections au Volume II de la Faune entomologique du Canada, traitant des Hyménoptères. Québec: C. Darveau, 477 pp.: 225 (Canada); Cresson, 1887Cresson, E. T. 1887. Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described species, and bibliography. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Suppl. Vol. 1887:1-351. [1887]: 93 (U.S.A.); Wheeler, 1910aWheeler, W. M. 1910a. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. [1910-03] PDF: 557 (North America genera); Wheeler, 1916rWheeler, W. M. 1916r. Formicoidea. Formicidae. Pp. 577-601 in: Viereck, H. L. 1916. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part III. The Hymenoptera, or wasp-like insects, of Connecticut. Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey. Bulletin 22:1-824. [1916]: 579 (U.S.A., Connecticut); Cole, 1942: 359 (U.S.A., Utah); Smith, 1943eSmith, M. R. 1943e. A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the male ants of the United States. American Midland Naturalist 30:273-321. [1943-10-22] PDF: 276 (U.S.A. subfamilies & genera, males); Buren, 1944aBuren, W. F. 1944a. A list of Iowa ants. Iowa State College Journal of Science 18:277-312. [1944-04] PDF: 278 (U.S.A., Iowa); Smith, 1947fSmith, M. R. 1947f. A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the United States ants, based on the workers. American Midland Naturalist 37:521-647. [1947-07-27] PDF: 524 (U.S.A. genera); Creighton, 1950aCreighton, W. S. 1950a. The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 104:1-585. [1950-04] PDF: 29 (North America); Gregg, 1963Gregg, R. E. 1963. The ants of Colorado, with reference to their ecology, taxonomy, and geographic distribution. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, xvi + 792 pp. [1963]: 278 (U.S.A., Colorado); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1963Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1963. The ants of North Dakota. Grand Forks, North Dakota: University of North Dakota Press, viii + 326 pp. [1963]: 149 (U.S.A., North Dakota); Francoeur, 1979aFrancoeur, A. 1979a. Les fourmis du Québec. 1. Introduction. 2. La famille des Formicidae. 3. La sous-famille des Ponerinae. Annales de la Société Entomologique du Québec 24:12-47. [1979-01] PDF: 48 (Canada, Québec, introduction); Allred, 1982Allred, D. M. 1982. Ants of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 42:415-511. [1982-12-31]: 437 (U.S.A., Utah); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986gWheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1986g. The ants of Nevada. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, vii + 138 pp. [1986] PDF: 16 (U.S.A., Nevada); Mackay, Lowrie, et al., 1988: 81 (U.S.A., New Mexico); Cover, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 62 (Nearctic genera key); Mackay & MacKay, 2002Mackay, W.; MacKay, E. 2002. The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 400 pp. [2002-12] PDF: 16 (U.S.A., New Mexico); Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2003 ("2002"). Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Formation Green River and some other Middle Eocene deposits of North America. Russian Entomological Journal 11:411-436. [2003-06] PDF: 430 (*Eocene North American genera); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 25, 38, 48, 95, 160 (Dolichoderinae, Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Coovert, 2005: 1 (U.S.A., Ohio); Ward, 2005Ward, P. S. 2005. A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 936:1-68. [2005-04-12] PDF: 20 (U.S.A., California genera); Fisher & Cover, 2007Fisher, B. L.; Cover, S. P. 2007. Ants of North America. A guide to genera. Berkeley: University of California Press, xiv + 194 pp. [2007-09]: 1 (North American genera key)NEOTROPICAL
Gallardo, 1915Gallardo, A. 1915. Observaciones sobre algunas hormigas de la República Argentina. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 27:1-35. [1915-06-03] PDF: 30 (Argentina genera); Menozzi & Russo, 1930Menozzi, C.; Russo, G. 1930. Contributo alla conoscenza della mirmecofauna della Repubblica Dominicana (Antille). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 24:148-173. PDF: 169 (Dominican Republic); Smith, 1937Smith, M. R. 1937 ("1936"). The ants of Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 20:819-875. [1937-01] PDF: 822 (Puerto Rico); Kusnezov, 1956aKusnezov, N. 1956a. Claves para la identificación de las hormigas de la fauna argentina. Idia 104-105:1-56. [1956-09] PDF: 7 (Argentina); Kusnezov, 1960bKusnezov, N. 1960b ("1959"). La fauna de hormigas en el oeste de la Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 17:321-401. [1960-06-10] PDF: 330 (West Patagonia); Snelling & Hunt, 1975Snelling, R. R.; Hunt, J. H. 1975. The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Chilena de Entomología 9:63-129. [1976-05] PDF: 63 (Chile); Kempf, 1978aKempf, W. W. 1978a. Formicidae-Hym. 111. Chave para identificação de operárias des sete subfamilias que ocorrem no Brasil. Studia Entomologica 20:33. [1978-08-30]: 33 (Neotropical subfamilies); Baroni Urbani, 1984Baroni Urbani, C. 1984 ("1983"). Clave para la determinación de los géneros de hormigas neotropicales. Graellsia 39:73-82. [1984-02-10] PDF: 73 (Neotropical genera); Mackay & Mackay, 1989: 1 (Mexico genera); Cover, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 69 (Neotropical genera key); Lattke, in Jaffe, 1993Jaffe, K. 1993. El mundo de las hormigas. Baruta, Venezuela: Equinoccio (Ediciones de la Universidad Simón Bolívar), 188 pp. [1993-07]: 145 (Neotropical subfamilies & genera); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 26, 38, 49, 98, 162 (Dolichoderinae, Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Fernández, Palacio, MacKay & MacKay, 1996Fernández, F.; Palacio, E. E.; MacKay, W. P.; MacKay, E. S. 1996. Introducción al estudio de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Colombia. Pp. 349-412 in: Andrade, M. G.; Amat García, G.; Fernández, F. (eds.) 1996. Insectos de Colombia. Estudios escogidos. Bogotá: Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 541 pp. [1996-09]: 353 (Neotropical subfamilies); Fernández & Ospina, in Fernández, 2003Fernández, F. 2003. Contributions in Introdución a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. 299-306, 307-330, 371-378, 379-411 in: Fernández, F. (ed.) 2003. Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xxvi + 424 pp.: 49 (Neotropical genera synopsis); Palacio & Fernández, in Fernández, 2003Fernández, F. 2003. Contributions in Introdución a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. 299-306, 307-330, 371-378, 379-411 in: Fernández, F. (ed.) 2003. Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xxvi + 424 pp.: 233 (Neotropical subfamilies and genera keys)
: 30 (Argentina genera); Menozzi & Russo, 1930Menozzi, C.; Russo, G. 1930. Contributo alla conoscenza della mirmecofauna della Repubblica Dominicana (Antille). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 24:148-173. PDF: 169 (Dominican Republic); Smith, 1937Smith, M. R. 1937 ("1936"). The ants of Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 20:819-875. [1937-01] PDF: 822 (Puerto Rico); Kusnezov, 1956aKusnezov, N. 1956a. Claves para la identificación de las hormigas de la fauna argentina. Idia 104-105:1-56. [1956-09] PDF: 7 (Argentina); Kusnezov, 1960bKusnezov, N. 1960b ("1959"). La fauna de hormigas en el oeste de la Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 17:321-401. [1960-06-10] PDF: 330 (West Patagonia); Snelling & Hunt, 1975Snelling, R. R.; Hunt, J. H. 1975. The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Chilena de Entomología 9:63-129. [1976-05] PDF: 63 (Chile); Kempf, 1978aKempf, W. W. 1978a. Formicidae-Hym. 111. Chave para identificação de operárias des sete subfamilias que ocorrem no Brasil. Studia Entomologica 20:33. [1978-08-30]: 33 (Neotropical subfamilies); Baroni Urbani, 1984Baroni Urbani, C. 1984 ("1983"). Clave para la determinación de los géneros de hormigas neotropicales. Graellsia 39:73-82. [1984-02-10] PDF: 73 (Neotropical genera); Mackay & Mackay, 1989: 1 (Mexico genera); Cover, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 69 (Neotropical genera key); Lattke, in Jaffe, 1993Jaffe, K. 1993. El mundo de las hormigas. Baruta, Venezuela: Equinoccio (Ediciones de la Universidad Simón Bolívar), 188 pp. [1993-07]: 145 (Neotropical subfamilies & genera); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 26, 38, 49, 98, 162 (Dolichoderinae, Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Fernández, Palacio, MacKay & MacKay, 1996Fernández, F.; Palacio, E. E.; MacKay, W. P.; MacKay, E. S. 1996. Introducción al estudio de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Colombia. Pp. 349-412 in: Andrade, M. G.; Amat García, G.; Fernández, F. (eds.) 1996. Insectos de Colombia. Estudios escogidos. Bogotá: Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 541 pp. [1996-09]: 353 (Neotropical subfamilies); Fernández & Ospina, in Fernández, 2003Fernández, F. 2003. Contributions in Introdución a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. 299-306, 307-330, 371-378, 379-411 in: Fernández, F. (ed.) 2003. Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xxvi + 424 pp.: 49 (Neotropical genera synopsis); Palacio & Fernández, in Fernández, 2003Fernández, F. 2003. Contributions in Introdución a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. 299-306, 307-330, 371-378, 379-411 in: Fernández, F. (ed.) 2003. Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xxvi + 424 pp.: 233 (Neotropical subfamilies and genera keys)AFROTROPICAL AND MALAGASY
Forel, 1891cForel, A. 1891c. Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier, A. 1891. Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hyménoptères. Deuxième partie (28e fascicule). Paris: Hachette et Cie, v + 237 pp. [1891] PDF: 8 (Madagascar genera); Arnold, 1915Arnold, G. 1915. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum 14:1-159. [1915-02-11]: 6 (South Africa); Arnold, 1916Arnold, G. 1916. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum 14:159-270. [1916-05-20] PDF: 159 (South Africa); Bolton, 1973aBolton, B. 1973a. The ant genera of West Africa: a synonymic synopsis with keys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 27:317-368. [1973-01-18] PDF: 321 (West Africa subfamilies & genera); Bolton, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 39 (Afrotropical and Malagasy genera key); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 23, 44, 79, 155 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Yoshimura & Fisher, 2007Yoshimura, M.; Fisher, B. L. 2007. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae. Zootaxa 1654:21-40. [2007-12-05] PDF: 27 (Malagasy subfamilies, males key)
: 8 (Madagascar genera); Arnold, 1915Arnold, G. 1915. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum 14:1-159. [1915-02-11]: 6 (South Africa); Arnold, 1916Arnold, G. 1916. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum 14:159-270. [1916-05-20] PDF: 159 (South Africa); Bolton, 1973aBolton, B. 1973a. The ant genera of West Africa: a synonymic synopsis with keys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 27:317-368. [1973-01-18] PDF: 321 (West Africa subfamilies & genera); Bolton, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 39 (Afrotropical and Malagasy genera key); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 23, 44, 79, 155 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Yoshimura & Fisher, 2007Yoshimura, M.; Fisher, B. L. 2007. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae. Zootaxa 1654:21-40. [2007-12-05] PDF: 27 (Malagasy subfamilies, males key)ORIENTAL AND MALESIAN
Forel, 1892kForel, A. 1892k. Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part I. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 7:219-245. [1892-10-01] PDF: 219 (India & Sri Lanka); Bingham, 1903Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. [1903] PDF: 1 (India, Sri Lanka & Burma); Wilson & Taylor, 1967bWilson, E. O.; Taylor, R. W. 1967b. The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monograph 14:1-109. [1967-08-15] PDF: 10 (Polynesia); Bolton, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 46 (Oriental and Indo-Australian genera key); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 23, 45, 84, 158 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Wu & Wang, 1995aWu, J.; Wang, C. 1995a. The ants of China. [In Chinese.]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, x + 214 pp. [1995-06]: 30 (China); Zhou, 2001AZhou, S. 2001A. Ants of Guangxi. [In Chinese.]. Guilin, China: Guangxi Normal University Press, 255 pp. [2001-09-01] PDF: 21 (China, Guangxi subfamilies); Clouse, 2007BClouse, R. M. 2007B. The ants of Micronesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Micronesica 39:171-295. [2007-07]: 190 (Micronesia); Framenau & Thomas, 2008Framenau, V. W.; Thomas, M. L. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25:45-85. [2008] PDF: 52 (Christmas I.); Terayama, 2009 (Taiwan); Eguchi, Bui & Yamane, 2011Eguchi, K.; Bui, T. V.; Yamane, S. 2011. Generic synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera), part I — Myrmicinae and Pseudomyrmecinae. Zootaxa 2878:1-61. [2011-05-13] PDF: 7 (Vietnam subfamilies key); Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 32 (ants of Borneo, checklist); General & Alpert, 2012General, D. M.; Alpert, G. D. 2012. A synoptic review of the ant genera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Philippines. ZooKeys 200:1-111. [2012-06-05] PDF: 68 (Philippines genera key); Marcus, 1953Marcus, H. 1953. Estudios mirmecológicos. Folia Universitaria. Cochabamba 6:17-68. [1953]: 1 (Fiji)
: 219 (India & Sri Lanka); Bingham, 1903Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. [1903] PDF: 1 (India, Sri Lanka & Burma); Wilson & Taylor, 1967bWilson, E. O.; Taylor, R. W. 1967b. The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monograph 14:1-109. [1967-08-15] PDF: 10 (Polynesia); Bolton, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 46 (Oriental and Indo-Australian genera key); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 23, 45, 84, 158 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Wu & Wang, 1995aWu, J.; Wang, C. 1995a. The ants of China. [In Chinese.]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, x + 214 pp. [1995-06]: 30 (China); Zhou, 2001AZhou, S. 2001A. Ants of Guangxi. [In Chinese.]. Guilin, China: Guangxi Normal University Press, 255 pp. [2001-09-01] PDF: 21 (China, Guangxi subfamilies); Clouse, 2007BClouse, R. M. 2007B. The ants of Micronesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Micronesica 39:171-295. [2007-07]: 190 (Micronesia); Framenau & Thomas, 2008Framenau, V. W.; Thomas, M. L. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25:45-85. [2008] PDF: 52 (Christmas I.); Terayama, 2009 (Taiwan); Eguchi, Bui & Yamane, 2011Eguchi, K.; Bui, T. V.; Yamane, S. 2011. Generic synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera), part I — Myrmicinae and Pseudomyrmecinae. Zootaxa 2878:1-61. [2011-05-13] PDF: 7 (Vietnam subfamilies key); Pfeiffer, et al. 2011: 32 (ants of Borneo, checklist); General & Alpert, 2012General, D. M.; Alpert, G. D. 2012. A synoptic review of the ant genera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Philippines. ZooKeys 200:1-111. [2012-06-05] PDF: 68 (Philippines genera key); Marcus, 1953Marcus, H. 1953. Estudios mirmecológicos. Folia Universitaria. Cochabamba 6:17-68. [1953]: 1 (Fiji)AUSTRAL
Forel, 1905dForel, A. 1905d. A revision of the species of the Formicidae (ants) of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 37:353-355. [1905-06] PDF: 353 (New Zealand); Brown, 1958h: 1 (New Zealand); Brown & Taylor, 1970: 958 (Australia subfamilies); Greenslade, 1979Greenslade, P. J. M. 1979. A guide to ants of South Australia. Adelaide: South Australian Museum (Special Educational Bulletin Series), 44 pp. [1979]: 10 (South Australia subfamilies); Taylor, R.W., in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 55 (Australia genera key); Taylor, 1991dTaylor, R. W. 1991d. Formicidae. Pp. 980-989 in: CSIRO (ed.) 1991. The insects of Australia. Second edition. Volume II. . Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, pp. i-vi, 543-1137. [1991]: 987 (Australia subfamilies); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 24, 47, 91, 159 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Shattuck, 1999Shattuck, S. O. 1999. Australian ants. Their biology and identification. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, xi + 226 pp. [1999-01]: 21 (Australia subfamilies & genera); Andersen, 2000Andersen, A. N. 2000. The ants of northern Australia. A guide to the monsoonal fauna. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, v + 106 pp.: 14 (northern Australia subfamilies & genera); Don, 2007Don, W. 2007. Ants of New Zealand. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press, 239 pp. [2007]: 39 (New Zealand); Heterick, 2009Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76:1-206. PDF: 16, 28 (south-western Australia subfamilies & genera)
: 353 (New Zealand); Brown, 1958h: 1 (New Zealand); Brown & Taylor, 1970: 958 (Australia subfamilies); Greenslade, 1979Greenslade, P. J. M. 1979. A guide to ants of South Australia. Adelaide: South Australian Museum (Special Educational Bulletin Series), 44 pp. [1979]: 10 (South Australia subfamilies); Taylor, R.W., in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.: 55 (Australia genera key); Taylor, 1991dTaylor, R. W. 1991d. Formicidae. Pp. 980-989 in: CSIRO (ed.) 1991. The insects of Australia. Second edition. Volume II. . Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, pp. i-vi, 543-1137. [1991]: 987 (Australia subfamilies); Bolton, 1994Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp. [1994-07-25]: 24, 47, 91, 159 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Shattuck, 1999Shattuck, S. O. 1999. Australian ants. Their biology and identification. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, xi + 226 pp. [1999-01]: 21 (Australia subfamilies & genera); Andersen, 2000Andersen, A. N. 2000. The ants of northern Australia. A guide to the monsoonal fauna. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, v + 106 pp.: 14 (northern Australia subfamilies & genera); Don, 2007Don, W. 2007. Ants of New Zealand. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press, 239 pp. [2007]: 39 (New Zealand); Heterick, 2009Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76:1-206. PDF: 16, 28 (south-western Australia subfamilies & genera)| Genera |
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